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Title: Interactions between Geosphere and Biosphere: CoEvolution of Environment and Life


1
Interactions between Geosphere and
BiosphereCo-Evolution of Environment and Life
Lee Kump Department of Geosciences Earth and
Environmental Systems Institute NASA Astrobiology
Institute Penn State University
Glynn Gorick
2
The Gaia Hypothesis
Lynn Margulis
Jim Lovelock
  • Earth is a self-regulating system comprising the
    biota and the physical world, capable of
    maintaining a habitable planet.

3
Corollary
Lynn Margulis
Jim Lovelock
  • Earth is habitable today because it had been
    inhabited since nearly its birth.

4
Goldilocks problem
5
(No Transcript)
6
Where did all the carbon go?
7
How did Earth avoid the fate of Mars?
http//www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/
mgs_oct_pics_011107.html
8
Saved by plate tectonics, recycling
Berner (1999, GSA Today 9 (11)1-6)
9
Rise of Atmospheric Oxygen
Courtesy K. Yamaguchi (PSU)
10
Kump (2008)
11
Why did atmospheric O2 rise at 2.4 billion years
ago?
  • This is when cyanobacteria invented oxygenic
    photosynthesis
  • (but chemical fossils of cyanobacteria at 2.7
    Ga, possible fossils at 3.5 Ga)

12
Early Earth
13
Why did atmospheric O2 rise at 2.4 billion years
ago?
  • This is when cyanobacteria invented oxygenic
    photosynthesis
  • Cyanobacteria evolved oxygenic photosynthesis
    2.7 Ga, but O2 sinks exceeded sources until 2.4
    Ga

14
Mass Extinctions
Alroy, pers. comm.
15
Siberian Traps Volcanism (Torsvik, pers. comm.)
16
Reichow et al. (2009) and Svensen et al(2009)
17
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
5,000 years
18
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
10,000 years
19
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
15,000 years
20
H2S concentration (?mol/kg)
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
20,000 years
21
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
25,000 years
22
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
30,000 years
23
H2S concentration (?mol/kg)
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
35,000 years
24
H2S concentration (?mol/kg)
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
40,000 years
25
H2S concentration (?mol/kg)
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
45,000 years
26
H2S concentration (?mol/kg)
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
50,000 years
27
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
55,000 years
28
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
60,000 years
29
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
65,000 years
30
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
70,000 years
31
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
75,000 years
32
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
80,000 years
33
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
85,000 years
34
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
90,000 years
35
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
95,000 years
36
H2S concentration (µmol/kg)
0 5 10
100,000 years
37
P. Ward (Sci Am. 2006)
38
Continental Drift
www.scotese.com
39
Zachos et al. (2001, Science 292 686-693)
40
(No Transcript)
41
Ancient Earth landscape?
Late Ordovician landscape? Or Iceland today?
http//www.palaeos.com/Plants/Bryophyta/Bryophyta.
html
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