IP Transmission Technologies

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IP Transmission Technologies
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Hourglass of TCP/IP Protocols
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Transmission Technologies

• Ethernet (10Mbps 1Gbps)
• Copper
• Fiber
• Wireless
• Leased Line (64Kbps 2Mbps)
• Frame Relay (64Kbps 2Mbps)
• Packet Over Sonet (155Mbps 2.4Gbps)
• ATM (155Mbps 2.4Gbps)
• Access DSL, CATV, ISDN, GPRS, Dial-up

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Routers, Swicthes, VLANs
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VLAN Standard IEEE 802.1q
CFI-Canonical Format Identifier
(Ethernet/TokenRing)
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Some Switches Support Priorities
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Switching Tables
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Spanning Tree Protocol
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Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber
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Wave Division Multiplexing
DWDM 1528 to 1560 nm erbium doped fiber
amplifiers (EDFA) EDFA every 60km, regeneration
every 500km
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Erbium doped fiber amplifiers

• A pump laser injects a high intensity pulse of
  light exciting the erbium and causing the erbium
  atoms to release their stored energy.
• The EDFA amplifies all the wavelengths to the
  same level (gain flatness).
• DWDM 1528 to 1560 nm EDFA every 60km,
  regeneration every 500km

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Leased Line
V.35
V.35
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Selecting a PPP Authentication Protocol
PAP 2-Way Handshake
Remote Router (SantaCruz)
Central-Site Router (HQ)
"santacruz, boardwalk"
Accept/Reject
Hostname santacruz Password boardwalk
username santacruz password boardwalk

• Passwords sent in cleartext
• Peer in control of attempts

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Selecting a PPP Authentication Protocol
CHAP 3-Way Handshake
Remote Router (SantaCruz)
Central-Site Router (HQ)
Challenge
Response
Accept/Reject
Hostname santacruz Password boardwalk
username santacruz password boardwalk

• Use secret known only to authenticator and peer

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Frame Relay
s0.1-DLCI110
s0.2-DLCI110
s0.3-DLCI130
RTR1
s0.3-DLCI120
s0.2-DLCI130
s0.1-DLCI120
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Packet Over Sonet (POS)
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ATM
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ATM AAL5
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MPLS VPNs
Layer 3 VPNs BGP/MPLS VPNs (RFC 2547 bis)
Layer 2 VPNs AToM (Any Transport over MPLS)
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Ethernet over MPLS
Point to Point, Metro Ethernet Service
ISP C
MPLS Network
ISP A
Enterprise LAN
ISP B
PE
PE
ISP 2
PE
PE
ISP 1
PE
PE
Enterprise LAN
ISP 3
Distributed NAP
Based on draft-martini VCs to VLANs gt VCid maps
to VLAN id
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Ethernet 802.1q VLAN Transport
Interface GigabitEthernet0/0.2 encapsulation
dot1q 41 mpls l2transport route 1.0.0.8 312
ltsequencinggt ! Interface GigabitEthernet1/0.2
encapsulation dot1q 56 mpls l2transport route
1.0.0.8 313 ltsequencinggt
VLAN 56
MPLS
Customer Site
PE1 1.0.0.8
PE1 1.0.0.4
VLAN 41
VLAN 41
VLAN 56
Customer Site
Customer Site
Customer Site
802.1q to 802.1q VLAN Transport
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AToM - MTU Considerations
Ingress PE checks Egress PE outbound interface
MTU AND egress interface into MPLS backbone
Customer Site
Customer Site
Egress MTU Signalled using LDP
PE1
PE2
PDU
NO mechanism to check backbone MTU
Incoming PDU dropped if MTU exceeded
Provider MUST dictate MTU or direct traffic away
from low MTU links
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Strategy for MPLS VPNs
MPLS VPNs for Multiple Transport Types
MPLS VPNs for Multiple Networks
MPLS VPNs for Single Networks
Layer 2 VPNs Using AToM Optical VPNs

• ATM (AAL5) over MPLS
• Ethernet over MPLS
• Frame Relay over MPLS
• PPP over MPLS
• HDLC over MPLS
• Cell Relay over MPLS

• Carrier Supporting Carrier
• Inter AS
• VPN ID

Ciscos MPLS VPNs L3 (rfc2547)
Time
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Network Address Translation (NAT)
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NAT
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DHCP

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Based on old BootP protocol for diskless
  workstations
• DHCP server on Router or Network Server

ip dhcp pool soho network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
default-router 10.0.0.1 dns-server
195.13.160.52 195.122.1.59