How to study Science Prepared By Dr' Roman Ferede and Dr' Pierre Goueth Santa Monica College http:ho

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How to study Science(Prepared By Dr. Roman
Ferede and Dr. Pierre Goueth) Santa Monica
College http//homepage.smc.edu/goueth_pierre/Stud
yscience.htm

• Before you take a science Class you need to
  understand that the knowledge of most science
  courses is cumulative, new knowledge builds on
  old one. You therefore should understand
  todays concepts before tomorrows class.
• Before Class 5-10 min
• Get an overview of the material, by quickly
  reading sections of the chapter to be covered in
  class.
• Formulate possible questions for your instructor
  from your quick reading.
• During Class 50min
• Write the instructors explanations but try to
  learn directly from the lecture, as opposed to
  just taking notes and study later.
• If you miss something, write what you can (key
  words for example) and question your instructor
  right after class, or during office hours.
• Note any concepts, rules or problems that the
  instructor emphasizes during lectures.
• Ask questions during lecture for things you dont
  understand.

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• After Class 50min
• After every class (at school or at home),
  summarize, review and complete your notes using
  your textbook.
• Built relationships between concepts in the
  current chapter and the previous ones, show
  similarities and differences.
• Immediately solve problems related to the
  sections covered in class, do this by
• Reading the whole problem
• Writing down the parameters given in the problem
• Remember and write down all formulas related to
  the parameters given and the unknown
• Use the most appropriate formula for your
  calculations
• Solve the problem and check if your answer makes
  sense
• Use this strategy for your tests also.

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How to pass a science exam

• Preparing for the test 4 x 1 hour sessions
• Quickly review your notes and locate what was
  stressed in class.
• Make a list of major concepts and formulas that
  will be covered on the test
• Review the problems you solved and draw
  similarities and differences between them
• Use practice tests to test yourself.
• Taking the test 50min to 2 hours
• Read instructions before you start
• Glance over the test to locate easy questions and
  solve them first to secure those points.
• Maximize partial credit by showing all steps in
  essay questions
• Solve remaining problems by increasing
  difficulties
• If time permits, go over your test and check your
  answers

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Note-taking (from University of Texas learning
center) http//www.utexas.edu/student/utlc/lrnres
/handouts/862.html

• When taking notes in class, listen actively
  intend to learn from the lecture.
• Write down the instructor's explanatory remarks
  about the problem.
• Note how one gets from one step of the problem to
  another.
• Note why the approach to the problem is taken.
• Try to anticipate the consequences of a theorem
  or the next step in a problem.
• If you miss something in the lecture or don't
  understand what's being presented, then write
  down what you can catch especially key words.
  Be sure to skip several lines so you can fill in
  the missing material later.
• As soon as possible after class, summarize,
  review, and edit your notes.
• Quickly read through your notes to get an
  overview of the material and to check for any
  errors or omissions.
• Fill in any information especially explanatory
  remarks that you did not have time to write
  down or that the instructor did not provide.
• Use the margin or the back of the opposite page
  to summarize the material, list key terms or
  formulas, and rework examples. You can also use
  this space to take notes from the textbook.
• Review your notes at regular intervals and review
  them with the intent to learn and retain.

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Cells
Fluorescent confocal (light) microscope of Plant
protoplast cells, Green cytosol and nuclear
envelope (GFP), deep red nucleus (PI stain)
orange chloroplast autoflourescence
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Biology basics Cells

• Prokaryotic cell

• Eukaryotic cell

Anacomnium Fern
E. coli Bacteria
1 µM
1 µM
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Concept

• Prokaryotic No nucleus
• Bacteria
• Eukaryotic Has a nucleus
• Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protzoans, Algae
• Single celled
• Bacteria, some protozoans, algae and fungi
• Multicellular
• Plants, animals, most fungi, some algae

• All organisms are made out of cells
• Exception Viruses

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Human cell secreting insulin
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Figure 2-3a
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Major organelles of plant cells

• Nucleus
• Chloroplast
• Mitochondria
• Vacuole
• Ribosome
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)/ Golgi

• Contains genome
• Photosynthesis (CHO)
• Respiration
• Storage and Pressure
• Protein synthesis
• Oil synthesis and membrane transport

Also found in animal cells
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Nucleus

• Some organelles shared by plants and animals
• Nucleus
• Mitochondrion
• ER and Golgi
• Ribosome

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• Some organelles are only found in plants
• Chloroplast
• Central Vacuole (animals generally have many
  smaller vacuoles)

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Chloroplasts photosynthesize converting sunlight
into food and oxygen
Sunlight
Carbohydrates
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Vacuole pressure experiment
Plant cytosol
Pure Water
Salt solution
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Major structures of cells

• Membranes
• Plasma membrane
• Cell wall
• Cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton
• Plasmodesmata

• Create compartments
• Cell boundary
• Rigid and flexible
• Cell fluids
• Internal structure
• Holes connecting cells

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Plasma membrane

• Outer membrane of the cell
• Contains the cytoplasm
• Made of a lipid bi-layer and proteins

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Cell Wall

• Plants only
• Made of cellulose fibers
• Primary wall- paper
• Secondary wall- wood and fiber
• Middle lamella- pectin (you use pectin to make
  jam and jelly)

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Plasmodesma- holes connecting plant cells
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Review points

• All organisms are made out of cells
• Bacterial cells have no organelles
• Eukaryotic cells have internal organelles and
  structures
• Animal and plant cells are similar
• Differences include chloroplast, central vacuole
  and cell wall
• Learn the function of the other major organelles
  and cell structures
• All organisms share common features
• All organisms are made from the same biochemicals