GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE TOMMY AND MINE CANYON SITES IN CONTEXT OF SOUTHWEST POPULATIONS

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GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE TOMMY AND MINE CANYON
SITES IN CONTEXT OF SOUTHWEST POPULATIONS

• Meradeth Snow, Kathy Durand, David Glenn Smith

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mtDNABriefly

• 5 Native American haplogroups
• A, B, C, D, and X
• Defined by mutations identified by
• RFLP analysis
• Direct sequencing

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Previous aDNA Research in the Southwest

• Shearin et al. 1989
• Horai et al. 1991
• hap B
• ORourke et al. 199611 samples
• 3 hap B, 1 hap A, 1 hap C
• 2 other, and 4 N or D
• Carlyle, 2000 200327 samples
• 26 hap B, 3 hap A, 5 hap C, and no D
• 4 other

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Previous aDNA Research in the Southwest

• Regional continuity of the general Southwest
  mtDNA pattern
• high haplogroup B
• low to moderate levels of A and C
• no haplogroup D
• Maintained in modern Pueblo groups such as the
  Zuni and Jemez.
• (Lorenz and Smith 1996 Kaestle and Smith 2001)

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Methods

• Extractions carried out in the aDNA Molecular
  Anthropology Lab at UC Davis.
• Bones and teeth both yielded DNA
• RFLP analysis to determine haplogroup.
• Sequencing results obtained.

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RFLP Results

• Sites were distinct at the 0. 00005 level.

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RFLP Results
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RFLP Results
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Preliminary Sequencing Results

• Mine Canyon Haplogroup A samples
• Possible Athapaskan connection?
• mutations at specific sites
• nsp 16331
• nsp 16192
• All Mine Canyon hap A samples do not have these
  mutations

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Preliminary Sequencing Results

• Did have three other mutations
• nps 16257 (C?T)
• nps 16263 (T?A)
• nps 16360 (C?T)
• 4 Zuni hap A samples have these same unique
  mutations.
• (Kemp, 2006)

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Discussion

• Not all sites maintain the general Southwest
  mtDNA pattern.

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Discussion

• Regional variability may be due to
• Sampling error
• Mine Canyon7 out of 12
• Carlyles data3 out of 38
• Drift (chance)
• Founders effect or
• Reduction in population size

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Discussion

• Haplogroup D
• Often absent in the Southwest.
• Was present at the Tommy Site, and possibly other
  sites.
• Low frequency may have influenced previous
  identification.

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Discussion

• Haplogroup A
• RFLP frequency similarities between the Mine
  Canyon site and the Athapascans.
• High frequency of hap A
• Sequences demonstrate cultural continuity.
• Zuni hap As

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Future Reseach

• Further analysis of the sequence data for the
  remainder of the samples.
• HVII sequence analysis, particularly of the hap A
  samples.
• Sex identification of unidentifiable samples.
• Correlation with the remainder of the analyses
  presented here.

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Acknowledgments

• Many thanks to the other students, previous
  students, and employees at the UC Davis MAL
  Wendy Garnica, Debbie George, Sree Kathaswamy,
  Brian Kemp, Jessica Satkoski, Kari Schroeder,
  Monalyn Umali, and Venkat. Thanks!