Program Name Winter Review March 2000

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Jim Hendler Chief Scientist - Information Systems
Office DARPA
http//www.daml.org
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DAML Building the Semantic Web

• Creating the next revolution in Internet
  technology...
• by enabling agent communication at a Web-wide
  scale.

• The first revolution, the Internet, funded by
  DARPA, enabled disparate machines to exchange
  data.
• The second revolution, the World Wide Web,
  (funded by DARPA/NSF) enabled a wide range of new
  applications on top of the growing Internet. The
  Web made a huge amount of information available,
  in human-readable form, allowing a revolution in
  new applications, environments, and b2c
  e-commerce.
• The next revolution of the net is an
  agent-enabled resource (the Semantic Web)
  which makes a huge amount of information
  available in machine-readable form creating a
  revolution in new applications, environments, and
  b2b e-commerce. DARPA is funding this now!

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The Evolving Web
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What is an Ontology?
Thesauri narrower term relation
Frames (properties)
General Logical constraints
Formal is-a
Catalog/ ID
Informal is-a
Formal instance
Disjointness, Inverse, part-of
Terms/ glossary
Value Restrs.
TAXONOMY
ONTOLOGY
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TSE Ontology
ltDEF-RELATION NAME"hasEconomy"gt ltDEF-ARG POS1
TYPE"Location"gt ltDEF-ARG POS2
TYPE".STRING"gt lt/DEF-RELATIONgt ltDEF-RELATION
NAME"hasSurveillanceBy"gt ltDEF-ARG POS1
TYPE"Location"gt ltDEF-ARG POS2
TYPE"Organization"gt lt/DEF-RELATIONgt ltDEF-RELATIO
N NAME"surveillanceLevel"gt ltDEF-ARG POS1
TYPE"Location"gt ltDEF-ARG POS2
TYPE".NUMBER"gt lt/DEF-RELATIONgt lt!--
Disease_Agent definitions --gt ltDEF-CATEGORY
NAME"Disease_Agent" ISA"base.SHOEEntity"gt ltDEF-C
ATEGORY NAME"TSE" ISA"Disease_Agent"gt ltDEF-CATEG
ORY NAME"CJD" ISA"TSE"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY
NAME"Genetic_CJD" ISA"CJD"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY
NAME"Spontaneous_CJD" ISA"CJD"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY
NAME"Iatrogenic_CJD" ISA"CJD"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY
NAME"GSS" ISA"TSE"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY NAME"FFI"
ISA"TSE"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY NAME"Kuru"
ISA"TSE"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY NAME"BSE"
ISA"TSE"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY NAME"FSE"
ISA"BSE"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY NAME"NV-CJD"
ISA"BSE"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY NAME"Scrapie"
ISA"TSE"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY NAME"TME"
ISA"TSE"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY NAME"CWD" ISA"TSE"gt
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How do we attack this problem?

• The key enabler of current interoperability in
  both military and commercial systems is the
  HyperText Mark-up Language (HTML)
• Allows a machine readable, formal language, to be
  expressed on web pages for the presentation of
  data
• limited set of tags
• not useful for machine search

ltTitlegt How do we attack this problem? lt/titlegt
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Beyond HTML adding syntax

• Current languages attack this by adding syntactic
  data handling abilities
• XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
• Extensible keyword set
• Solves syntactic inequalities between data
  formats
• DB 1 -gt ADDRESS lt- DB 2
• Useful for Data Sharing
• Not search

lt!Element TITLE-BLOCK EMPTYgt lt!ATTLIST
TITLE-BLOCK Title cdata required Subtitle
cdata impliedgt ltTitle-Blockgt lttitlegt Beyond
HTML lttitlegt ltsubtitlegt adding syntax
lt/subtitlegt lt/title-blockgt
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Semantic Problems for XML

• Synonymy and polysemy
• ltPERSONgt vs. ltINDIVIDUALgt
• is ltSPIDERgt an arachnid or software?
• Structural differences

ltPERSONgt ltNAMEgtJohn Smithlt/NAMEgt lt/PERSONgt
ltPERSON NAMEJohn Smithgt
ltPERSONgt ltNAMEgtltFNAMEgtJohnlt/FNAMEgtltLNAMEgtSmithlt
/LNAMEgtlt/NAMEgt lt/PERSONgt
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Beyond XMLAgent Semantics

• DARPA will lead the way with the development of
  Agent markup Language (DAML)
• A semantic language that ties the information
  on a page to machine readable semantics
  (ontology)
• Currently being fielded at University level
• SHOE (Maryland), Ontobroker(Karlsruhe),OWL(Washing
  ton Univ)
• Largely grows from past DARPA programs (I3, ARPI)
• But not transitioning
• Even with SW activity, W3C membership focused on
  short-term gainHTML/XML

ltONTOLOGY IDpowerpoint-ontology" VERSION"1.0"
DESCRIPTIONformal model for powerpoint
presentations"gt ltDEF-CATEGORY NAMETitle"
ISAPres-Feature" gt ltDEF-CATEGORY
NAMESubtitle" ISAPres-Feature"
gt ltDEF-RELATION NAMEtitle-of"
SHORT"was written by"gt
ltDEF-ARG POS1 TYPEpresentation"gt
ltDEF-ARG POS2 TYPEpresenter" gt
ltTitlegt Beyond XML ltsubtitlegt agent
semantics lt/subtitlegt lt/titlegt ltUSE-ONTOLOGY
IDPPT-ontology" VERSION"1.0" PREFIXPP" URL
"http//iwp.darpa.mil/ppt..html"gt ltCATEGORY
NAMEpp.presentation FOR"http//iwp.darpa.mil/j
hendler/agents.html"gt ltRELATION-VALUE POS1
Agents POS2 /jhendlergt
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A distributed ontological representation

• Small communities define common semantics
• Technical Vocabularies abound
• Mission specific
• Technical jargons
• Shared values
• Larger communities form around shared terms
• Mapping and articulation become crucial
• Interoperability at web languages level
• Top-Down (AIA defines critical aircraft
  properties)
• or bottom up (Oh, a foxbat is a Mig29)
• Business case for improving communication!

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This leads to a radically new view of ontologies!
AFTER
uses
Distributed,partially mapped, inconsistent -- but
very flexible!
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A new/old model of DoD partnering

• DARPA
• Funds a new generation of www technology
• Works closely with W3C to create a web standard
• Works closely with EU on international acceptance
• Brings DoD users (J2,J3,J6) in as early adopters

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DoD and W3CWorking Together

• DAML is being built on existing web
  standards, by many of the same people who
  developed them
• PI Team includes MIT researchers who also head
  up World Wide Web Consortium
• PI/Co-PI Tim Berners-Lee, Ralph Swick, Dan
  Connolly

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DAML HorusIntelink Transition
Objective

• Simpler, More Accurate and Focused Searches
• Search on Information Organized by Content
• Capability to Follow Threads of Logic
• Help Independent Developers Tie Into Common
  Framework

Expected Results
Methodology
Horus transitioning to use of DAML
language Emerging DAML tools tested in Intelink
environment via DAML-Horus TIEs Mature DAML tools
integrated into Horus Toolkit Horus Toolkit
applied in Horus Evaluation Site Horus-enabled
user sites Experiments with Intelink Users
Changing the way we produce intelligence More
linking, less traditional data entry Lots of
grabbing Horus entities and dropping into
products Software performs technical markup detail
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DAML Status

• DAMLOIL ontology language released on World Wide
  Web
• Annotated walkthrough
• Examples
• Full definition
• RDFS Resource Description Framework Schema
• Provides 100 mapping to XML
• Open discussion group run by W3C
  www-rdf-logic_at_w3.prg
• Denotational (and axiomatic) Semantics published
• First formal semantics for a web language
• Proposal to W3C for standardization ongoing

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DAML Examples

• Transparent Markup
• Content-Based Search
• Service advertising

Reading DAML!
Using DAML!
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www.daml.org

• Language Specifications
• DAML Newsletter (you can subscribe)
• Collection of web tools
• Ontology library
• 134 ontologies as of May 15, 01
• DAML crawler
• over 14,000 pages w/2,000,000 DAML statements,
  5/15/01
• Web tracking software used for baselining DAML
  use
• Over 500,000 hits in first 6 months

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DAMLNotional Schedule
Now
Later
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Web travel agents

• Query processed
• A satellite image taken yesterday at 10 AM is
  available on the web at http//
• A new satellite image, to be taken today at 10AM,
  will be available for 100 click here to
  authorize transfer of funds and obtain image (you
  will need a valid credit card number from one of
  the following providers )
• In an emergency situation, a Coast Guard observer
  plane can be sent to any location within the area
  you indicate. Service Note You will be
  responsible for cost of flight if the situation
  does not result in emergency pickup. Click Here
  for more information.
• A high altitude observer can be sent to your
  location in 13 hours. Click here to initiate
  procedure. (You will need to provide US military
  authorization, A valid military unit code, and
  the name of commanding officer)
• A service entitled commercial service for
  providing satelite images is advertised as
  becoming available in 2004. See http// for more
  information

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Service Descriptions
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Web Logics
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Conclusions

• The Semantic Web is coming!
• Joint development between DARPA/EU/and W3C
  communities
• Languages and tools are available to play with
• Http//www.daml.org/
• W3C interest group available for those wishing to
  join the discussion
• Www-rdf-logic_at_w3c.org (live or archived)
• Ongoing DoD and commercial projects
• Come join us
• Submit ontologies/marked up pages
• Develop tools or help test ours
• Get in on the next big thing early!

www.daml.org