Arenguuuringud Loeng 10 Relativism, universalism ja arenguhindamine

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Arengu-uuringudLoeng 10 Relativism,
universalism ja arenguhindamine

• Mati Heidmets
• 15.12. 2008

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Lähteküsimus

• Muutused ühiskonnas
• Muutus ilma suunata teisenemine
• Kasv kvantitatiivne suurenemine
• Progress liikumine ideaali suunas
• Innovatsioon järsk teisititegemine
• Areng positiivne pikaajaline muutumine
• Lähteküsimus kas on olemas arenguuniversaale
  kõikjal ja kõigile kehtivaid arengukriteeriume?
  Kuhu tuleks püüelda riigina viie rikkama,
  rohelisema, targema, tugevama hulka - inimesena
  edu, tunnustuse, rikkuse, õnne suunas? Kas üldse
  püüelda (seada arengueesmärke?)
• Areng kui konstrukt - relatiivne või
  universaalne, individuaalne või üldinimlik?
• Kas saab defineerida üldinimlikke ja kultuurist
  sõltumatuid arengueesmärke, millisel skaalal neid
  mõõta ja hinnata?
• Kui jah, kas siis saab/tohib arengut suunata,
  motiveerida, jõuga peale suruda? Eriti kui
  selleks on olemas ressurss?!

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Relativistlik vaade

• Relativism tõe suhtelisus, moraalne relativism.
• Relativism is the idea that some elements or
  aspects of experience or culture are relative to,
  i.e., dependent on, other elements or aspects.
• Common statements that might be considered
  relativistic include
• "That's true for you but not for me"
• "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder"
• "You can't judge other cultures by the standards
  of your own"
• Some relativists claim that humans can understand
  and evaluate beliefs and behaviors only in terms
  of their historical or cultural context. There
  are many forms of relativism which vary in their
  degree of controversy.
• The term often refers to truth relativism, which
  is the doctrine that there are no absolute
  truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to
  some particular frame of reference, such as a
  language or a culture.
• Another widespread and contentious form is moral
  relativism.

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20 sajandi II pool nihe relativismi suunas

• Pöörded sotsiaalias ja humanitaarias vt KK 8-9,
  2008
• Keeleline pööre keel pole vaid meedium, keel
  loob tegelikkust
• Kognitiivne pööre maailmapildi konstrueerimine
• Kultuuriline pööre kultuurikontekst, erinevad
  tähenduste maailmad, jagatud uskumused,
  representatsioonid
• Kvalitatiivne lähenemine mis on mõõdetav?
• Positivistlik, tõde ja püsivust otsiv teadus
  tunneb pöörete ajastul ebamugavust. Teadmine on
  liiga paljudest asjadest sõltuv!

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Sisemine ja väline vaatepunkt

• Anthropological relativism refers to a
  methodological stance, in which the researcher
  suspends (or brackets) his or her own cultural
  biases while attempting to understand beliefs and
  behaviors in their local contexts. This has
  become known as methodological relativism, and
  concerns itself specifically with avoiding
  ethnocentrism or the application of one's own
  cultural standards to the assessment of other
  cultures. This is also the basis of the so-called
  "emic" and "etic" distinction, in which
• An emic or insider account of behavior is a
  description of a society in terms that are
  meaningful to the participant or actor's own
  culture an emic account is therefore
  culture-specific, and typically refers to what is
  considered "common sense" within the culture
  under observation.
• An etic or outsider account is a description of a
  society by an observer, in terms that can be
  applied to other cultures that is, an etic
  account is culturally neutral, and typically
  refers to the conceptual framework of the social
  scientist. (This is complicated when it is
  scientific research itself that is under study,
  or when there is theoretical or terminological
  disagreement within the social sciences.)

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T.Kuhn ja relativism

• Thomas Kuhn's philosophy of science, as expressed
  in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is
  often seen as relativistic (and enthusiastically
  proclaimed as such within the humanities). He
  claimed that as well as progressing steadily and
  incrementally ("normal science"), science
  undergoes periodic revolutions or "paradigm
  shifts", leaving scientists working in different
  paradigms with difficulty in even communicating.
• "the third and most fundamental aspect of the
  incommensurability of competing paradigms this
  is a sense that I am unable to explicate further,
  the proponents of competing paradigms practice
  their trades in different worlds. One contains
  constrained bodies that fall slowly, the other
  pendulums that repeat their motions again and
  again. In one, solutions are compounds, in the
  other mixtures. One is embedded in a flat, the
  other in a curved, matrix of space. Practicing in
  two different worlds, the two groups of
  scientists see different things when they look
  from the same point in the same direction. Again,
  that is not to say that they can see anything
  they please. Both are looking at the world, and
  what they look at has not changed. However in
  some areas they see different things and they see
  them in different relations one to the other.
  That is why a law that cannot even be
  demonstrated to one group of scientists may
  occasionally seem intuitively obvious to another.
  Equally, it is why, before they can hope to
  communicate fully, one group or the other must
  experience the conversion that we have been
  calling a paradigm shift."
• Thus the truth of a claim, or the existence of a
  posited entity is relative to the paradigm
  employed.

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Relativistlikud argumendid arenguhindamises

• Kultuuriargument. Kultuur kui kollektiivne
  kohanemisskeem (tegevused, suhted, tähendused).
  Väide maailmas (kollektiivse) kohanemise viise
  põhimõtteliselt palju.
• Ei ole olemas ainuõiget elukorraldust
  (nukleaarperekond, roheline eluviis), poliitilist
  süsteemi (liberaalne demokraatia), väärtusmudelit
  (individualistlik empaatia), kõigil
  elukorraldustel peaks olema võimalus ennast
  testida
• Relativist - F.Fukuyama oli põhimõtteliselt
  eksiteel. Inimkond kui otsiv süsteem,
  tulevikulahendusi on väga erinevaid, kõigil oma
  shanss

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Mitterelativistlikud vaated

• Püsivust rõhutavad positsioonid universalism,
  objektivism, absolutism, monism
• Relativism can be contrasted with
• Universalism the view that facts can be
  discovered objectively and that they thus apply
  universally in all situations, times and places.
• Objectivism the view that cognitive, aesthetic
  and ethical values are independent of human
  thinking.
• Absolutism the view that beauty, truth, etc,
  are timeless and unchanging qualities.
• Monism the view that in any given area there
  can be no more than one correct opinion.

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Universalistlikud argumendid arenguhindamises

• Igivana soov leida universaalset arenguskeemi
  tsivilisatsiooniargument, moraalse arengu
  argument, väärtuspildi liikumine arengu suunas
• Arusaam, et inimese (mõned?) põhivajadused ja
  ootused on ühesugused kõikjal
• Seetõttu on olemas kõigile ja kõikjal omased
  väärtused ja soovitavad arengusuunad.
• Inimese ja ühiskonna arengu ideaal?!

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Universalistlik arenguvõrdlus

• Globaalne arenguvõrdlus universalistlik
  lähenemine?
• Globaalsed arengumõõdikud kui ühtsed mõõdikud
  kõigile rahvastele ja regioonidele?
• Majandus, Innovaatilisus, Kaitsevõime, Hälbiv
  käitumine, Vabadus, (Eba)võrdsus, Tervis,
  Haridus, Väärtused, Subjektiivne enesetunne ???
• Võrdlustööstus lähtub universalistlikust
  arusaamast. Siit selle valdkonna konfliktid ja
  debatid mis on korruptsioon, kellele on vaja
  sallivust, võrdsust

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Universalistlik argument konstruktide
institutsionaliseerumine

• Konstrukti institutsionaliseerumine idee,
  toetajad, organisatsioon, nõuete formuleerimine
  ja kehtestamine, hindamine, klassifitseerimine
  (järgib/ei järgi), surve, idee juurdumine
  ühiskonnas - õigussüsteem, haridus, surverühmad,
  väärtussüsteem
• Universaalsed konstruktid
• Inimõigused,
• Laste õigused,
• Loomade õigused
• Võrdsus
• Sallivus ja rahumeelsus
• Tulevikuarvestamine (jätkusuutlikkus)
• Demokraatia
• Universalistlik arengukäsitlus sõltumata
  riigist, rahvast ja kultuurist on püsiväärtused,
  mille abil saab arengut hinnata ning mille
  juurdumist tohib toetada ka võõraste juures

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1948 inimõigused, 1970dad loomade õigused

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
  is a declaration adopted by the United Nations
  General Assembly (10 December 1948 at Palais de
  Chaillot, Paris). The Guinness Book of Records
  describes the UDHR as the "Most Translated
  Document in the world.
• 1975 Animal Liberation is a book by Australian
  philosopher Peter Singer, published in 1975.
  Although Singer is not the first person to apply
  the concept of moral standing to nonhuman
  animals, the book is widely considered within the
  animal rights movement to be the founding
  philosophical statement of its ideas.
• 1976 The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) is a
  name used internationally by animal liberation
  activists who engage in direct action on behalf
  of animals. This includes removing animals from
  laboratories and fur farms, and sabotaging
  facilities involved in animal testing and other
  animal-based industries. According to ALF
  statements, any act that furthers the cause of
  animal liberation, where all reasonable
  precautions are taken not to harm any animal
  (human or otherwise), may be claimed as an ALF
  action
• Kas inimõigused ja loomade õigused on
  relativistlikud? Kas nende juurdumine on märk
  arengust?

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Laste õigused

• The United Nations' 1989 Convention on the Rights
  of the Child, or CRC, is the first legally
  binding international instrument to incorporate
  the full range of human rightscivil, cultural,
  economic, political and social rights. Its
  implementation is monitored by the Committee on
  the Rights of the Child. National governments
  that ratify it commit themselves to protecting
  and ensuring children's rights, and agree to hold
  themselves accountable for this commitment before
  the international community.
• Surverühm Save the Children
• Save the Children is a leading international
  organisation helping children in need around the
  world. First established in the United Kingdom in
  1919, separate national organisations have been
  set up in more than twenty-eight countries,
  sharing the aim of improving the lives of
  children through education, health care and
  economic opportunities, as well as emergency aid
  in cases of natural disasters, war and conflict.
• Kas edenemine laste õiguste vallas on areng?

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Vähemuste õigused. Rühmaõigused

• Rahvusvahelised konventsioonid
• The first post-war international treaty to
  protect minorities, designed to protect them from
  the greatest threat to their existence, was the
  U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
  of the Crime of Genocide. Subsequent human rights
  standards that codify minority rights include the
  International Covenant on Civil and Political
  Rights, the United Nations Declaration on the
  Rights of Persons Belonging to National or
  Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, two
  Council of Europe treaties (the Framework
  Convention for the Protection of National
  Minorities and the European Charter for Regional
  or Minority Languages.
• Feminism.
• The history of feminist movements has been
  divided into three "waves" by feminist scholars.
  Each is described as dealing with different
  aspects of the same feminist issues. The first
  wave refers to the feminism movement of the 19th
  through early 20th centuries, which dealt mainly
  with the Suffrage movement. The second wave
  (1960s-1980s) dealt with the inequality of laws,
  as well as cultural inequalities. The Third wave
  of Feminism (1990s-current), is seen as both a
  continuation and a response to the perceived
  failures of the Second-wave.
• Kas vähemuste õiguste, rühmaõiguste järgimine on
  arengunäitaja?

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Sallivus

• UNESCO Declaration of the principles of tolerance
  1995
• Article 1 - Meaning of tolerance
• Tolerance is respect, acceptance and appreciation
  of the rich diversity of our world's cultures,
  our forms of expression and ways of being human.
  ...
• Tolerance is harmony in difference. It is not
  only a moral duty, it is also a political and
  legal requirement. Tolerance, the virtue that
  makes peace possible, contributes to the
  replacement of the culture of war by a culture of
  peace.
• Tolerance is not concession, condescension or
  indulgence. Tolerance is, above all, an active
  attitude prompted by recognition of the universal
  human rights and fundamental freedoms of others.
• Kas sallivus (kui väärtus ja käitumismall) on
  arengukriteerium?

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Universalism vs realtivism

• Koos relativistlike pööretega ka universalistliku
  arengukäsitluse levik. Mitmed universalistlikud
  vaated institutsionaliseeritud. Kes järgmised
  meeste õiguste harta, esindamata rahvad ?
• Universalism vs relativism? Või tööjaotus nende
  vahel?
• Liikumine kahes suunas relativism (toimuva
  mõistmisel) ja universalism (sihiseadena)
• Kust tuleb universalistlik arengukäsitlus?
  Liberaalne demokraatia? Alternatiivid?