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State Standards for Domestic Violence Perpetrator Treatment: Current Status, Trends, and Recommendat

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Title: State Standards for Domestic Violence Perpetrator Treatment: Current Status, Trends, and Recommendat


1
State Standards for Domestic Violence
Perpetrator Treatment Current Status, Trends,
and Recommendations
  • Roland D. Maiuro, Ph.D.
  • Jane A. Eberle, M.Ed.
  • Department of Defense Workgroup on Domestic
    Violence
  • Albert Einstein Healthcare Network

2
Analyze DV Treatment Standards for
  • Presence and Scope
  • Administrative Entity
  • Theoretical Orientation
  • Treatment Modalities
  • Length of Treatment
  • Risk/Intake Assessment
  • Treatment Content
  • Staff Education
  • Use of Research Findings
  • Methods for Revision
  • Evaluation/Outcome Data

3
Study Methods
  • Compile and Compute Descriptive Statistics on
    Existing Standards
  • Examine Trends by Comparing Findings Between
    Present and Previous Survey
  • Examine Percentages Within Previously Developed
    to Newly Developed Standards
  • Critique Strengths and Weaknesses
  • Make Recommendations for Further Development of
    Standards

4
States with Standards or Guidelines
5
Administrative Entities
6
Specification of Treatment Content
7
Minimum Number of Group Sessions
8
Duration of Treatment
9
Treatment Varied by Type of Offender
10
Preferred Modality of Treatment
11
Group Treatment as Preferred Modality
Percentiles
12
Modalities Other Than GroupAllowed?
Percentiles
13
Require Gender SpecificGroups
Percentiles
14
IntakeProtocols Required
15
Require Victim or Partner Contact
16
Purpose of Victim or PartnerContact
  • Notification of Perpetrators Enrollment in
    Program
  • Input for Risk Assessment
  • Consulting on Safety Plan
  • Information on Victim Resources

17
Required Victim Notification
18
Requirements for Victim Participation
  • 93 of Standards require some type of victim
    contact
  • Tennessees Standards State
  • Certified programs shall not attempt to act
    as a service provider to the victims or the
    current partners of the batterers that they
    serve. Certified Program personnel should make
    reasonable efforts to ensure that victims of
    domestic violence with whom they are in contact
    are referred to appropriate battered womens
    programs, Victim Advocates, or Programs that are
    designed to provide victim services...Contacts
    with batterers victim and batterers current
    partner shall accomplish the following
  • (i) Inform them of the limitations of batterers
    intervention programs in assuring their safety
    (i.e. the possibility of continued danger)
  • (ii) Inform them of domestic violence resources
    and services
  • (iii) Assist with safety planning and must be
    confidential

19
DangerousnessAssessment
20
Risk Factors
  • Threats of homicide or suicide
  • Fantasies of homicide or suicide
  • Possession, access, and/or past use of weapons
  • Imminent or recent separation/loss of partner
    and/or children
  • Belief that victim has no right to life separate
    from him/her i.e. - "Death before divorce," "If I
    cant have you know one will," and "You belong to
    me and no one else"
  • Obsessive preoccupation with partner evidenced by
    stalking or violation of no contact orders
  • Idolization and extreme dependence on victim
  • Inability to envision life without victim or
    separation from victim causes great despair
    and/or rage
  • Experiences acute depression and sees little hope
    for moving beyond depression
  • Dangerous behavior increasing with little
    apparent regard for consequences
  • Access to victim and children
  • Alcohol and/or drug abuse
  • History of prior violence, prior calls to police,
    and hostage-taking

21
Screen For Abuse or Exposure of Children at
Intake
22
Mental Health Screening
23
Alcohol/Substance Abuse Screening
24
Confidentiality of Participant

25
Primary Treatment Focus
26
Specification of Treatment Content
27
All Standards Require Programs to
  • Require perpetrator to not blame the victim
  • Require perpetrator to demonstrate sole
    responsibility for their abusive behavior
    (accountability)
  • Provide treatment so that perpetrators can learn
    non-abusive alternatives for resolving conflict
    and coping
  • Prioritize victim safety

28
Specification of Treatment Content
  • Virginias Standards State
  • Identification of all forms of physical,
    emotional, economic, sexual and verbal abuse and
    violence
  • Impact of domestic violence on the victim and the
    abuser
  • Impact of domestic violence on children
    including, children who are abused and children
    who witness domestic violence
  • Emphasis on the responsibility of the batterer
    for his violence and abuse
  • Identification of personal, societal, and
    cultural values and beliefs that legitimize and
    sustain violence and oppression
  • Alternatives to violence and controlling
    behaviors
  • Identification of healthy relationships
  • Promotion of accountability, self-examination,
    negotiation, and fairness
  • Examination of the relationships between mental
    illness and domestic violence
  • Identification of the behavioral, emotional, and
    physical cues that precede escalating anger

29
Multiple Based Content
  • Nevadas Standards power and control plus
  • family of origin intergenerational patterns
    that model and transmit violence as a taught and
    learned behavior,
  • the use of time outs to help curb impulsive
    violence,
  • stress management,
  • conflict resolution strategies,
  • communication skills training,
  • skills for improving intimacy in relationships,
    handling guilt and shame, identifying danger
    signs of relapse behavior and how to prevent it

30
Excluded Treatment Content
31
Content Explicitly Forbidden
  • 35 of Standards Forbid Certain Content such
    as Oregons Standards State
  • Identifying any of the following as a primary
    cause of battering poor impulse control, anger,
    past experience, unconscious motivations,
    substance use or abuse, low self-esteem, or
    mental health problems of either participant or
    victim...Viewing battering as a bi-directional
    process with responsibility shared by the
    victim...Viewing battering as an addiction and
    the victim as enabling or co-dependent in the
    battering.

32
Anger Versus Power and Control
  • West Virginia states Anger management theory and
    methods are never appropriate for use in batterer
    intervention services as they do not accurately
    reflect the cause of battering and are a
    reflection of the batterers desire to camouflage
    his choice to batter. Further, anger management
    theory suggests provocation, fails to account for
    premeditation, diffuses responsibility, implies
    that there is a quick fix, misrepresents the
    depth of the problem in the community and fully
    misses the link to the larger issue of sexism and
    patriarchy.

33
Factoids Against Anger Management
  • New Hampshire States The ineffectiveness of
    anger management counseling with domestic
    violence perpetrators raised several questions
    about the appropriateness of that approach...In
    reality, batterers do a cost-benefit analysis
    regarding their violence and abuse demonstrating
    that they already have adequate anger management
    skills and that they choose when a how to use
    them...The anger management model implied that
    the victim has done something to provoke her
    partners violence...The anger management model,
    by pathologizing batterers, implied that
    battering is an individual problem requiring only
    an individual solution. It ignores the larger
    social context and cultural attitudes (e.g.,
    oppression through sexism, classism and racism)
    that condone the use of violence as a tactic of
    control.

34
Impact Upon Children
  • Kansas Standards State
  • Children who grow up in violent homes have
    higher risks for behavioral problems, including
    suicide, substance abuse, and juvenile
    delinquency boys who witness battering are more
    likely to batter their female partners as adults
    than boys raised in nonviolent homes...

35
Impact Upon Children in Treatment Content
36
Focus Upon Children in Treatment
  • Kansas Standards further state
  • Each program shall have specific written
    curriculum, which includes...Identification,
    discussion, confrontation and change of abusive
    and controlling behavior to victims, including
    partner and children...Identification and
    discussion of the effects battering has on
    victims, including children who witness such
    violenceThe goal of these exercises shall be to
    build empathy...Identification and practice of
    cooperative and non-abusive forms of
    communication, positive communication skills,
    long term solutions and responsible ways of
    treating partners, children, and others.

37
Focus Upon Parenting in Treatment Content
38
Endorse or Reference Program Evaluation or
Research
39
Staff Education Requirements for Bachelors Degree
40
Staff Training Requirements
41
Advantages of Standards
  • Expands Victim Safety Efforts Beyond Victim
    Support Network and Over-Crowded Court System to
    include Providers Working Directly with
    Perpetrator
  • Extends Coordinated Community Approach to include
    Perpetrator Intervention
  • Establishes Quality Control in an Area of Above
    Average Risk
  • Recognizes Perpetrator Treatment as a Specialty
    requiring Specific Training and Intervention

42
Disadvantages of Standards
  • Sometimes Composed without Authoritative or
    Current Documentation to Support Positions
  • Overgeneralization of Socio-Cultural Theory or
    Limited Findings to All Cases
  • Potential for Premature Dismissal of Treatment
    Strategies
  • Lack of Clear/Regular Protocols for Revision
  • Can Impede Needed Program Development, Cultural
    Sensitivity, and Innovation in the Field

43
Excluded from Some Standards
  • Women who are Perpetrators
  • Individuals who are Gay or Lesbian
  • Individual with Serious Mental Illness
  • Individuals with Severe Cognitive Impairments
  • Individuals with Extensive Criminal Violence
    Histories

44
Positive Trends in Standards Development
  • Despite Theoretical Basis, Most Treatment
    Protocols are now Multivariate in Content
  • More Standards now Require Intake Assessment
    before Treatment
  • More Standards now Require Danger/Lethality
    Assessment to Help Manage Risk
  • Increased Recognition of Need for Program
    Evaluation and Research
  • Some Standards Now Require Collection of
    Standardized Data Sets
  • Increase in Minimum Level of Education Required
    for Treatment Providers

45
Recommendationsfor Improving Standards
  • Formalize Procedures for Regular Updates and
    Revision
  • Expand Standards Committee to Include Researcher
    Familiar with Current DV Literature
  • Establish Victim-Safety Sensitive Protocols for
    Allowing New Treatments, Treatment Variance,
    Expanded Modalities, Innovative Case Management
    Strategies
  • Develop Program Evaluation Protocols

46
Recommendationsfor Improving Standards
  • Improve Risk Assessment by Using Standardized
    Checklists, Enhanced Focus Upon Parent/Child
    Issues, Partner Pregnancy
  • Expand One Size Fits All Treatments to Allow
    Client-Centered, Evidence Based Multivariate
    Content and Case Management
  • Sharpen/Expand Definition of DV to Promote
    Broader Based Assessment and Interventions
  • Develop Modified Standards For Women
    Perpetrators, Military, and Minority Populations

47
About the Presenter
  • Roland D. Maiuro, PhD, is the Clinical Director
    of the Seattle Anger Management, Domestic
    Violence, and Workplace Conflict Programs. Dr.
    Maiuro was an Associate Professor in the
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
    at the University of Washington School of
    Medicine for over 25 years. He is currently an
    Adjunct Research Scientist for the Albert
    Einstein Health Care Network and a Clinical
    Research Affiliate for the UW Drug and Alcohol
    Abuse Institute.
  • Dr. Maiuro has received the Social Issues Award
    from the Washington State Psychological
    Association for his research on domestically
    violent men, and the Gold Achievement Award from
    the American Psychiatric Association for program
    development, teaching, and applied research in
    the areas of anger and interpersonal violence.
  • Dr. Maiuro has published extensively in the areas
    of domestic violence, anger, stress and coping
    and has recently co-edited the books
    Psychological Abuse in Violent Domestic Relations
    with K. Daniel OLeary and Stalking Research
    Perspectives on Perpetrators and Victims with
    Keith Davis and Irene Hanson Frieze and has begun
    editorial work on An International Handbook on
    Interpersonal Violence to be published by
    Springer Publishing in New York. Dr. Maiuro is
    currently Editor-in-Chief for Violence and
    Victims, an internationally distributed research
    journal devoted to theory, practice, and public
    policy related to perpetrators, victims, and the
    trauma associated with interpersonal violence.
  • E- Mail
    RMaiuro_at_Prodigy.net
  • Telephone (206) 624-1856 FAX (206)
    625-947
  • Cabrini Medical Tower, 901 Boren Ave, Suite 1010,
    Seattle, WA 98104
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