Cardiomyopathy : Causes, Symptoms,Types, Diagnosis and Treatment

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Cardiomyopathy
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Cardiomyopathy

• Cardiomyopathy  is a group of disease that
  affects heart muscles. It is mostly hereditary
  (run into families). These diseases enlarge the
  heart muscle or make it thicker and more rigid
  than normal. In rare cases, scar tissue replaces
  the muscle tissue.

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Types of cardiomyopathy

• Dilated cardiomyopathy - It happens when the
  heart muscle begins to stretch and becomes
  thinner.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy- It occurs if the
  heart muscle cells enlarge and cause the walls of
  the heart to thicken. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  is a common cause of sudden cardiac arrest in
  young people, including athletes.
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy- It tends to affect
  older adults. The heart becomes rigid because
  abnormal tissue (e.g. scar tissue) replaces the
  normal heart muscle so the heart muscle is unable
  to relax
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia- It is
  caused by genetic defects of the parts of heart
  muscle known as desmosomes, areas on the surface
  of heart muscle cells which link the cells
  together.
• Stress cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome
  It is a type of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in
  which there is a sudden temporary weakening of
  the muscular portion of the heart, it is mostly
  caused by emotional ups-downs.

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Symptoms of cardiomyopathy

• Many people live a long life with
  cardiomyopathy. Many didn't get any symptoms or
  know that they are affected by it. As
  cardiomyopathy worsens and weakens the heart,
  symptoms of heart failure usually occur, which
  may include
• Shortness of breath or trouble breathing,
  especially with physical exertion
• Fatigue (tiredness)
• Swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, abdomen, and
  veins in the neck

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Causes of cardiomyopathy

• In most cases and types of cardiomapathy, the
  cause of it is inherited. But in case of
  restrictive and dilated cardiomyopathy there may
  be some other causes.
• In case of dilated cardiomayopathy
• Alcohol
• Certain toxins, such as poisons and heavy metals
• Complications during the last months of pregnancy
• Coronary heart disease, heart attack, high blood
  pressure, diabetes, thyroid disease, viral
  hepatitis, and HIV
• Drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines, and some
  medicines used to treat cancer
• Infections, especially viral infections that
  inflame the heart muscle

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In case of restrictive cardiomayopathy

• Amyloidosis A disease in which abnormal proteins
  build up in the body's organs, including the
  heart
• Connective tissue disorders
• Hemochromatosis A disease in which too much iron
  builds up in the body. The extra iron is toxic to
  the body and can damage the organs, including the
  heart.
• Sarcoidosis A disease that causes inflammation
  and can affect various organs in the body.
• Some cancer treatments, such as radiation and
  chemotherapy

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Risk factors of cardiomyopathy

• The major risk factor in case of cardiomyopathy
  is the family history of heart diaseases. Other
  risk factors may include
• A family history of cardiomyopathy, heart
  failure, or sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)
• A disease or condition that can lead to
  cardiomyopathy, such as coronary heart disease,
  heart attack, or a viral infection that inflames
  the heart muscle
• Diabetes or other metabolic diseases, or severe
  obesity
• Diseases that can damage the heart, such as
  hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, or amyloidosis
• Long-term alcoholism
• Long-term high blood pressure

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Treatment of cardiomyopathy

• There may be surgical treatments in case of
  severe cardiomyopathy, which may include
• Septal myectomy, it is an open-heart surgery and
  is used to treat people who have hypertrophic
  cardiomyopathy and severe symptoms.
• Surgically implanted device, which is placed in
  the heart to improve its function.
• Heart transplant, it is used to treat any
  end-stage heart failure.

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Treatment of cardiomyopathy
Continue

• In less severe cases, medications are used.
  Which are?
• Medications to balance electrolytes in your body-
  Abnormal electrolyte levels may be a sign of
  dehydration, heart failure, high blood pressure,
  or other disorders. Aldosterone are example of
  such medicine.
• Medications to keep heart beating in normal
  rhythm-These medicines, called antiarrhythmics,
  help prevent arrhythmias.
• Medications to lower the blood pressure-ACE
  inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers,
  beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers are
  examples of medicines that lower blood pressure.
• Medications to create prevent blood clots from
  forming. Anticoagulants, or blood thinners, are
  an example of a medicine that prevents blood
  clots. Blood thinners often are used to prevent
  blood clots from forming in people who have
  dilated cardiomyopathy.

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Treatment of cardiomyopathy
Continue

• Medications to reduce inflammation-Corticosteroids
  are an example of a medicine used to reduce
  inflammation.
• Medication to remove excess sodium from the body.
  Diuretics, or water pills, are an example of
  medicines that help remove excess sodium from the
  body, which reduces the amount of fluid in the
  blood.
• Medications to reduce the heart rate. Beta
  blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin
  are examples of medicines that slow the heart
  rate. Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers
  also are used to lower blood pressure.

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Diagnosis of cardiomyopathy

• It primary diagnosis, the doctor learns about if
  any family history of heart disease, and physical
  exam which include listening to heart beats.
• A chest x ray, which takes pictures of the organs
  and structures inside the chest, such as your
  heart, lungs, and blood vessels. This test can
  show if heart is enlarged or not.
• Stress test may also be done to see the beating
  of heart during any intense physical exercise.
• An electrocardiogram, to measure the heart's
  electrical activity
• An echocardiogram, it shows how is the heart is
  working, its shape and size.

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