Introduction to AI

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Lecture 1 Introduction to Artificial
IntelligenceDr Khalid Abd
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Definitions (1)
The exciting new effort to make computers think
machines with minds
Systems that think like humans
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Definitions (2)
Systems that exhibit the characteristics we
associate with intelligence in human behavior
understanding language, learning, solving
problems and so on.
Systems that think rationally
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Definitions (3)
The study of how to make computers do things
which, at the moment, humans do better
Systems that act like humans
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Definitions (4)
The study of rational agents that exist in an
environment and perceive and act.
Systems that act rationally
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Definitions

• Systems that think like humans
• Systems that think rationally
• Systems that act like humans
• Systems that act rationally

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Artificial vs. Human Intelligence

• Todays computers can do many well-defined tasks.
• Example arithmetic operations, much faster and
  more accurate than human beings.
• However, the computers interaction with their
  environment is not very sophisticated yet.

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Artificial vs. Human Intelligence

• How can we test whether a computer has reached
  the general intelligence level of a human being?

Turing Test
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Turing Test

• Alan Turing's 1950 article Computing Machinery
  and Intelligence discussed conditions for
  considering a machine to be intelligent
• Can machines think? ?? Can machines behave
  intelligently?
• The Turing Test is a method for determining
  whether or not a computer is capable of thinking
  like a human.

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Turing Test

• In Turing's test, if the human being conducting
  the test is unable to determine whether an answer
  has been given by a computer or by another human
  being,
• Then the computer is considered to have "passed"
  the test.

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Turing Test
What would a computer need to pass the Turing
test?

• Knowledge representation (to store and retrieve
  information provided during interrogation)
• Automated reasoning (to use the stored
  information to answer questions and to draw new
  conclusions)

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Turing Test
What would a computer need to pass the Turing
test?

• Language/image understanding (to communicate with
  examiner)
• Machine learning (to adapt to new circumstances )

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Artificial intelligence (AI)

• The study of computer systems that attempt to
  model and apply the intelligence of the human
  mind.

For example, writing a program to pick out
objects in a picture.
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AI applications
Robotics

• Robots may be one of the most well known examples
  of Artificial Intelligence.
• Robotics continue to evolve from manufacturing,
  medicine, security, personal assistance ..

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AI applications
Industrial Robots
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AI applications
Handwriting recognition
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AI applications
Machine translation
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AI applications
Virtual assistants
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AI applications
Autonomous driving
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AI applications
AI In Military

• The U.S is spending as much 100 billion dollars
  to develop robots that can aid or replace human
  soldiers on the front line.
• Flight simulations and virtual environments help
  train Soldiers.

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Whats New in AI

• Honda has created a helmet-like device that can
  read human brain waves and transmit them to
  humanoid robot.

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AI applications
... Web search Speech recognition Handwriting
recognition Machine translation Information
extraction Document summarization Question
answering Spelling correction Image
recognition 3D scene reconstruction Human
activity recognition Autonomous driving Music
information retrieval Automatic
composition Social network analysis ...
... Product recommendation Advertisement
placement Smart-grid energy optimization Household
robotics Robotic surgery Robot exploration Fraud
detection Fault diagnostics AI for video
games Character animation Financial
trading Dynamic pricing Protein folding Medical
diagnosis Medical imaging ...
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Sources of complexity in AI tasks
1- Computational complexity
Example Machine translation number of possible
translations?
Suppose our English vocabulary has size 10000 and
we are considering English translations with 20
words.
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Sources of complexity in AI tasks
2- Information complexity
Information complexity need to acquire knowledge
uncertainty is pervasive
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Resources of AI

• In terms of computation, computers (fast CPUs,
  GPUs, lots of memory, storage, network bandwidth)
  are a resource.

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Resources of AI

• In terms of information, data is a resource.
  Fortunately, for AI, in the last two decades, the
  amount of computing power and data has skyrocketed

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Solving complex task in AI
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Solving complex task in AI
Modeling is the art of converting a real-world
task to a formal task (which we will now call a
model) amenable to algorithmic solutions.
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Solving complex task in AI
Algorithm

• Scan through to find largest, scan through again
  to find the second largest, etc.

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Solving complex task in AI
Modeling
Algorithms