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Title: The Paragraph and its Elements


1
Sta.Elena(Camarines Norte)College,Inc.
Subject Writing in the Discipline Reporter
Group I Member
Cairel C.Capoy Emeliza H. Gravador Sheryll C.
Salindo
Instructor Mrs. Mary Joy Devine L. merciales
2
The Paragraph and Its Elements
NATURE AND DEFINITION
Paragraph- comes from the Greek word
paragraphos which means to write beside or
written beside.
3
-Part of discourse in writing which presents a
single idea or topic. This idea or topic is
presented in one or more sentences which may play
a specific function depending on the type of
writing or issue you are dealing with. Details
are also provided by expanding the idea so that
it would create better understanding on the part
of the reader. This may be done through different
methods and approaches depending on the writers
choice.
4
A paragraph is a group of related sentences
developing a single topic or idea or it can be
part of a language composition focusing on a
specific portion of a large topic which it help
to develop or support (Vinuya et.al.224)
5
A paragraph has one main thought or idea
contained in a topic sentence which may be found
at the beginning,or at the end, at the middle, or
at the beginning and repeated at the end.
6
Sometimes the topic sentence is not mentioned but
is hinted it is the readers who then supply the
topic sentence based on their understanding of
the related sentences which are written and read.
The main idea is found in the topic sentence all
other sentences support and amplify it.
7
A paragraph may be noted by the first sentence
which is usually indented by three to five
spaces. However, there are writers whom they
prefer not to have indentions on their paragraph.
This somehow shows their style in writing.
8
In business letters, you can observed indentions
in some letter styles used by a writer. In the
blocked letter style, which is now commonly
adopted because its easy to prepare and to some
extent saves time and space in writing, no
indentions are observed. In it, we also have the
blocked paragraphs.
9
Block Letter 1. When referring to typing or
writing, block letters refers to writing or
typing that is printed and not written in cursive
or with any joined letters.
Block style or block letter is a letter (usually
business letter) format where all typed content
is aligned with the left margin and no
indentation.
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(No Transcript)
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BLOCK PARAGRAPH a paragraph (as in a news
story) written as an independent unit to allow
its deletion or rearrangement in the order of
paragraphs without loss of coherence.
12
Block Paragraphs Block paragraphs look just like
this. No indentation at the start of each
paragraph, single spaced, regular font (usually
size 12 Times New Roman), and a line space
between paragraphs. Do not justify the entire
paragraph. Note that the right side of the
paragraph is uneven. Just let word wrap take care
of that. In other words, don't use full justify
just regular old left justify (the default).
13
In narratives, however, ideas or issues are
presented into paragraphs. Regardless of its
length, paragraphs may help explain what happen
or describe the situation and the characters and
the like. Each of the paragraph may help each
other from the first part up to the end of a
narrative so that the readers will appreciate
what they are reading.
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It is therefore an important idea that one should
remember that paragraphs vary on their purpose
and functions in a specific type or form of
writing. Undeveloped paragraphs of one or two
sentences are frequently used for the following
purposes (Hopper et.al.141)
15
1. In essays -to summarize what has been said -to guide the reader from section to section -to emphasize an important point
2. In dialogue -to indicate a new speech or a new speaker It may contain only a phrase or a word Is that your new car? he asked. Yes. Can I drive it for you? Sure.  
3. In newspapers -to make the layout attractive -to express facts and opinions simply and emphatically.
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LENGTH OF PARAGRAPHS A paragraph may be
independent unit or a part of a long selection.
The length of a paragraph depends on the kind or
type of writing - (description, narration,
argumentation or exposition), the purpose of
writing and the complexity and the reading habits
of the readers or the audience.
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Basically, three (3) to eight (8) sentences or
around 200 to 700 words form a good paragraph.
However, one or two sentences with complete
thought or idea may do. If we only have one
sentence, the reader cannot identify which is
related sentence. Definitely, this serves as part
of those long compositions
18
Paragraph length may range from several hundred
words in a scholarly discussion to a single
phrase or sentence for emphasis.
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TYPES OF PARAGRAPHS A. Isolated (Independent)
Paragraph- Presents everything about the topic
that is being discussed. - often sufficient to
your answers to essay questions, in part of
newspaper columns, in advertisements and in
an accounts of simple narratives.
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In other words, topics of a limited scope usually
need only one paragraph which falls under this
type.
21
B. Related (Dependent) Paragraph- which presents
ideas from other paragraph - It is observed in
topic of a broader natures which requires more

Than one paragraph to treat all of
its related aspects.
22
Related paragraph may function as 1. Introductory
- introduces the central idea of the composition.
This may do one or more of the following
functions
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? Make the reader realize that a problem
exists ? Announce the subject to be discussed
? Create an image ? Arouse intellectual
curiosity ? Excite the emotion of the reader and
involve him in what follows
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? A good introductory paragraph is startling
which catches the readers interest and attention
leading to the details of the ideas in the
text. ? Devices you can make use of
25
a. Begins with the statements that startle or
shocks. b. Begin with a question or several
questions to awaken your readers curiosity and
make him go into the body of your compositions
for the answer/s. c. Begin with statement or
statements that arouse suspense.
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d. Begin by telling an anecdote or a little story
related to you subject matter. Numerous
interesting compositions begin with an anecdote
which is often humorous. An anecdote can give
concrete illustration of the generalization that
follows in the body of your composition. An
anecdote also encourages your readers to go
on. e. Begin with an incident familiar to your
readers, something they have read or heard about.
27
f. Begin with a description creating an image in
the mind of the reader or evoking some emotions
in him. g. Begin by including a well-known
remark, quotation, proverb or saying relevant to
your topic. Something familiar to your reader is
one way of making him want to read on.
28
h. Begin by defining term or terms as well as the
exact scope of your subject matter. (Using a
definition can be very effective in efforts to
clarify difficult terms or in an effort to orient
your reader on a particular topic or your angel
on a particular topic.
29
Avoid using dictionary definitionsespecially of
common termsbecause your reader will likely know
what they mean, or can easily access such
definition and then go on either to dispute the
definition, or expand on it within the context of
your paper. Definitions from authoritative texts
can be very helpful when writing persuasive
texts.)
30
i. Begin by a conversation. An interesting
dialogue is one way of arousing the curiosity of
your reader Dialogue isnt just about creating
direct quotations from different characters.
Sometimes dialogue is best when its put into a
summarized form, rather than the drawn-out form
of an actual conversation.
31
2. Developmental- discusses the various aspects
of the central idea. The body of your
composition consists of eighty to ninety percent
of what you have to say. This is depending on the
nature of your topic, the type of your
development you have chosen and the purpose in
writing it.
32
3. Transitional- links the idea from one
paragraph to the next. Longer compositions
require short paragraphs to bridge the gap
between one main division of your topic and the
next, or make a shift from one phase to another
phase of your subject. This may take only one or
two sentences.
33
Transitional paragraphs may do the following
functions a. Sum up what has been said before
beginning the next unit b. Give one or more
illustrations or a point already made
34
c. State what you intend to do next d. Remind
your reader what your topic is all
about e. Introduce a series of illustrations,
measures or results
35
4. Concluding- provide a sense of finality to the
whole composition The last paragraph of your
composition should make your writing seem
complete. It should convey a note of finality,
and leave the reader with a feeling of
satisfaction that the composition accomplished
what it has set out to do at the beginning.
36
Although there are instances when the last
sentence or two in the body should be enough to
end your composition, there are times when you
need a whole paragraph as conclusion. A
concluding paragraph may do the following
functions
37
a. Summarize in a few words all that you have to
said b. Emphasize one or two main points
discussed in the body c. Provide a climax to the
series of points discussed earlier d. Round out
the subject announced in the introduction
38
e. Answer the question/s raised at the beginning
f. Motivate the reader to act soon g. Leave a
question in the mind of your reader, making him
think about your composition long after he has
finished reading it.
39
Note Paragraph may be classified according to
their function-introductory, developmental,
transitional, and concluding according to the way
they are developed-narration, description,
exposition, and argumentation (employing
different methods and devices) and according to
their structures- deductive, inductive,
deductive-inductive, inductive-deductive, and
hinted.
40
PARTS OF PARAGRAPH
1. Topic sentence- The most important sentence
in the paragraph. This states the central idea
being developed. It is usually in a
generalization. It may be implied or expressed.
41
This may be placed in the first part (first or
second sentence), middle (preceded and followed
by development sentence) or end part(last or
second to the last sentence) of the paragraph.
It can also be both at the beginning and at the
end, expressed in a negative or affirmative ways,
or just re-stated at the end.
42
  • Development Sentences- These discusses the
    central idea.
  • They support the main idea and make it more
    concrete and meaningful by providing specific
    details, examples, proofs, and illustrations.

43
They should rather than tell about your central
idea. In other words, these are the supporting
details of your paragraph, which can be
classified as
44
  • Descriptive- (tells how something looks, feels,
    smells or taste)
  • these details are the basic material of writing,
    since all writing rests on the observation, and
    descriptive details are the means by which
    observation, are reported.

45
  • Narrative- (details give specific pieces of
    action which tell the sequence of what is taking
    place or what occurred)

46
  • Illustrative- (details explain, illustrate with
    specific examples or instances, define,
    interpret, or paraphrase a general statement to
    make its meaning clearer)
  •  

47
  • Transitions- These link your ideas together and
    show their relationships. This are otherwise
    known as the transitional devices used to show
    addition, contrast, cause and consequence to name
    some.
  •  
  •  

48
Referents and words that show chronological,
spatial or climactic relationships are also
transitions. Transition may be within the
paragraph or from paragraph to paragraph to long
compositions.
49
STANDARD TRANSITIONS ACCORDING TO MEANING
ADDITION COMPARISON CONTRAST ILLUSTRATION/GIVING REASONS
furthermore also and in addition moreover then then, too similarly in a similar manner in the same way as well besides not only not to be forgotten above all then again, too too yet another yet again most of all most importantly   but however yet still in contrast on the contrary on the other hand similarly as well also likewise like all equally in the same way at the same time too both instead as opposed to in spite of whereas except for unlike different from     for example for instance take the case of consider the of course because actually in fact    
50
ADDITION COMPARISON CONTRAST ILLUSTRATION/GIVING REASONS
furthermore also and in addition moreover then then, too similarly in a similar manner in the same way as well besides not only not to be forgotten above all then again, too too yet another yet again most of all most importantly   but however yet still in contrast on the contrary on the other hand similarly as well also likewise like all equally in the same way at the same time too both instead as opposed to in spite of whereas except for unlike different from     for example for instance take the case of consider the of course because actually in fact    
51
ADDITION COMPARISON CONTRAST ILLUSTRATION/GIVING REASONS
furthermore also and in addition moreover then then, too similarly in a similar manner in the same way as well besides not only not to be forgotten above all then again, too too yet another yet again most of all most importantly   but however yet still in contrast on the contrary on the other hand similarly as well also likewise like all equally in the same way at the same time too both instead as opposed to in spite of whereas except for unlike different from     for example for instance take the case of consider the of course because actually in fact    
ADDITION COMPARISON CONTRAST ILLUSTRATION/GIVING REASONS
furthermore also and in addition moreover then then, too similarly in a similar manner in the same way as well besides not only not to be forgotten above all then again, too too yet another yet again most of all most importantly   but however yet still in contrast on the contrary on the other hand similarly as well also likewise like all equally in the same way at the same time too both instead as opposed to in spite of whereas except for unlike different from     for example for instance take the case of consider the of course because actually in fact    
ADDITION COMPARISON CONTRAST ILLUSTRATION/GIVING REASONS
furthermore also and in addition moreover then then, too similarly in a similar manner in the same way as well besides not only not to be forgotten above all then again, too too yet another yet again most of all most importantly   but however yet still in contrast on the contrary on the other hand similarly as well also likewise like all equally in the same way at the same time too both instead as opposed to in spite of whereas except for unlike different from     for example for instance take the case of consider the of course because actually in fact    
52
5 INTENSIFICATION CONCESSION SHIFT IN POINT OF VIEW ORGANIZATION/TIME ORDER
indeed admittedly assuredly certainly in fact obviously apparently of course no doubt undoubtedly unquestionably to be sure     nevertheless even so in spite of although despite still granted even though while unless if, even if otherwise     first, firstly second, secondly to begin with lastly finally for one thing after a while after until at the start, to start at the beginning one another now, then after that, afterwards next when again during following at last at the end to finish in summary, to sum up the final step    
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