Applications of conducting polymer in electronics & electrochemical devices

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Applications Of Conducting Polymer In Electronics
Electrochemical Devices
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

• Presented By_
  To_
• Sanjeeb Limbu(14305019)
  Dr.Angaiah Subramania Sir
• M.Tech.-Nanoscience Technology
  Associate Professor
• (SECOND YEAR)
  
  (CNST)

Conducting Polymer
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Conducting Polymer
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• Conducting polymers are polymer with metallic
  and semiconductor characteristics
• Conductive polymer or more precisely
  intrinsically conducting polymer(ICPs) are
  polymer that conduct electricity
• Conductive polymer are generally not
  thermoplastics,i.e.,they are not thermo flammable
  but like insulating polymer, they are organic
  material
• The advantages of using conducting polymer are
  that they are light weight, inexpensive and more
  recently easily process able
• The electrical conductivity in these polymer is
  considered to be intermediate between semi
  conductor and metals
• Examples are Poly analine,poly pyrrole,Poly
  Thiophene,Poly acetylene etc.

Conducting Polymer
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Applications Of Conducting Polymer In Electronics
Devices
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TV and Computer screens
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• One of the most exciting developments is the use
  of con-ductive polymers to produce flat, flexible
  plastic screens for televisions and computers.
  This work evolved from the discovery that
  conductive polymers such as polyphenylene
  vinylene emit light when sandwiched between
  oppositely charged electrodes, thus enabling
  flat-panel display designs to be made. The
  company associated closely with this technology
  at the present time is Cam-bridge Display
  Technology (CDT)

Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)  (PPV,
or polyphenylene vinylene)
Conductive Polymers Plastic Electronics
Conducting Polymer
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Printable Electronics
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• Printable electronics is the broad term used to
  describe electronics made from carbon-based
  organic materials and components using printing
  type processes rather than traditional
  silicon-based, inorganic materials. It is also
  referred to as organic, plastic, polymer and
  flexible electronics.

• Benefits of the technology?
• Low capital and operating cost production
  equipment
• High materials utilisation efficiency
• Faster production turnaround time especially
  using R2R processes.
• The major advantages of printable electronic
  generally include the ability to fabricate
  lightweight, flexible and low cost products
• Important at both the micro and macro level for
  example from high resolution transistor circuits
  to large-scale electronic billboards.

What is Printable Electronics?

• So, Whats the Big Deal?
• Lightweight and low energy electronics and
  sensors
• Reduced manufacturing costs and materials usage.
• New smart electronic devices applications
• Exciting new shapes and forms

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Printable Electronics
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• Xerox develops silver ink to usher in new era of
  low cost printable electronics

Materials Used in Printed Electronics
Material Example
Conductors Conducting polymers Polythiophenes, polycarbazoles
Conductors Metal flakes Silver, silver alloys
Conductors Metal nanoparticles Copper, Gold, Silver
Conductors Carbon nanotubes - - -
Capacitors Inorganic oxides HfO2, TiO2, ZrO2
Capacitors Polymers Imide-Norbornene copolymer
Capacitors Organic/inorganic composites Metal oxide/epoxy
Resistors Carbon films - - -
Optical materials RFID antennae Aluminium
Optical materials Organic LEDs - - -
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Flexible Electronics
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What is flexible electronics ? Flexible
electronics also known as flex circuits, is a
technology for assembling electronic circuits by
mounting electron This can be bent without
breaking electronics devices on flexible plastic
substrates.

• Flexible circuit boards
• Flex circuit are made up of flexible plastic
  substrate usually
• polyimide, Polyester or thin sheets of glass
• Flexible electronic component
• Electronic component such as transistor are being
  made from
• silicon nanomembrane usually called TFTs(thin
  filmTransistor).
• Flexible resistors and capacitors structures are
  shown digramm-
• atically usually called thin film resistors and
  thin film capacitors

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Applications of Flexible Electronics
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Conducting Polymer
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Electroluminescent Electronic Devices

• Electroluminescence the generation of light,
  other than blackbody radiation, by electrical
  excitation.
• Organic semiconductors was first reported for
  anthracene single crystals in the 1960s
• These early studies established that the process
  responsible for electroluminescence requires
  injection of electrons from one electrode and
  holes from the other, the capture of oppositely
  charged carriers (so-called recombination), and
  the radioactive decay of the excited
  electron-hole state (exciton) produced by this
  recombination process.
• The first report of metallic conductivities in
  doped polyacetylene, the science of
  electrically conducting polymers has advanced
  very rapidly. More recently, much of a interest
  is shown in LEDs containing conducting polymers.

Electroluminescent (EL) Charge Sync Cable
Electroluminescent Cable
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Light Emitting Diodes
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• Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs), based on
  PPV are now coming out as commercial products.
  When compared to inorganic or organic materials
  for LEDs, the main advantages are their fast
  response times, process ability, the possibility
  of uniformly covering large areas, low operating
  voltages, and the many methods were applied to
  fine-tune their optical and electrical properties
  by varying the structure.
• Many techniques have been proposed to improve the
  performance of PLEDs by modifying the chemical
  structure of the polymer with bulky phenyl side
  groups, or PPV-based alternating copolymers
  polymer
• The low molecular weight polymers are also known
  to have poor colour stability owing to easier
  chain motions under device operation. Elimination
  of the low molecular weight components is known
  to improve the performance .

Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2 ethyl-hexoxy)-1,4-pheny
lenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) is widely used in
red-orange PLEDs.
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Organic LEDs
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• Transparent conducting electrodes(TCE) like
  conducting polymers have been applied as
  transparent electrodes for OLED devices and
  achieved reasonably good performance or even
  higher device performance
• The basic OLED structure is composed of a stack
  of several layers anode/hole transport layer
  (HTL)/emission layer (EL)/electron transport
  layer (ETL)/cathode.ITO glass has been commonly
  used as the anode for OLEDs, because ITO
  simultaneously provides good transparency and
  conductivity. But ITO is not flexible, and cant
  be used in flexible electronics and the
  sputtering deposition of high quality ITO is a
  low throughput process and requires elevated
  temperature.

• PEDOTPSS and polyaniline (PANI) are currently
  the most popular materials to replace the
  conventional ITO electrode. These two materials
  are well-studied, conjugated polymers with
  excellent mechanical stability, flexibility and,
  more importantly, they can achieve a high
  conductivity and transparency.

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Transistor Field Effect Transistors
FET device poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene)
working as the source/drain/gate electrode
material and poly pyrrole acting as the
semiconducting layer. Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) K60
(PVPK60),an insulating polymer, operates as the
dielectric layer.
Field Effect Transistors
a, Thin-film
transistor  b, Insulated gate field-effect
transistor
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Field Effect Transistors (FET)
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• Using poly(3-hexylthiophene) as the active
  layerAll Plastics integrated circuits

Conducting Polymer Transistors Making Use of
Activated Carbon Gate Electrodes
Field-Effect Transistors Based on Single
Nanowires of Conducting Polymers
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Conducting Polymer In Molecular Electronics
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• Molecular electronics (ME) is rapidly evolving
  from physics, chemistry, biology, electronics and
  information technology
• The linear-backbone polymers such
  as polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and polyaniline are
  the main classes of conductive polymers.
  Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) are the archetypical
  materials for solar cells and transistors
• Molecular device based on conducting
  polymer-Diodes
• One of the most exciting areas of research in
  molecular electronics lies in the development of
  biosensing devices (usually called biosensors or
  receptrodes).

Conductive polymers. Poly(3-alkylthiophene)
based on Schottky device
General principle of Biosensor
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Technology of Plastic Optoelectronic devices
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• Conductive polymers with high transmittance in
  the visible range can have important applications
  for optoelectronics devices,including liquid
  crystel displays(LCDs),light emmiting
  diodes(LEDs),solar cells,tuch pannel
  displays,lasers and detectors
• Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
  polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT PSS) emerges as a
  promising material for electrodes in
  optoelectronic devices. It has many advantages
  over other conducting polymers, such as high
  transparency in the visible range, excellent
  thermal stability, and aqueous solution
  processibility
• Although indium-tin oxide (ITO) is frequently
  used as the transparent electrode in flexible
  devices
• The high-conductivity PEDOT PSS film is ideal
  as the electrode for polymer optoelectronic
  devices.

Chemical structure of PEDOT,PSS
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Conducting Polymers in Electronic Chemical Sensors
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• Chemical Sensors based on Conducting Polymers
• Sensors Based on Transduction
• A) Potentiometric Sensors(Chemical Sensors Based
  on Semiconductor Electronic Devices)
• B) Amperometric Sensors
• C) Piezoelectric Sensors
• D) Calorimetric/Thermal Sensors
• E) Optical Sensors
• Sensors Based on Application Mode
• A. Industrial/Chemical Sensors
• a) Gas Sensors
• b) pH Sensors
• c) Ion-selective Sensors
• d) Alcohol Sensors
• e) Humidity Sensors

• B. Biosensors
• a)Catalytic Biosensors
• b)Affinity Biosensors
• c)DNA Sensor

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Applications Of Conducting Polymer In
Electrochemical Devices

• Electrochemical cell is covert the chemical
  energy of the reaction directly in to electrical
  energy
• An electrochemical cell consist of two
  half-cells .Each half cell consist of electrode
  and electrolyte
• An electrochemical consist of three component an
  anode or negative electrode a cathode or positive
  electrode and electrolyte or ionic conductor
  during the chemical reaction
• Most electrochemical conversion and storage
  device such as certain type of Fuel cells,
  Batteries, Capacitor
• Electrochemical cells are classified in two
  types Galvanic and Electrolyte cell

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Supercapacitor
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• Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
  also called supercapacitors (SC) - are
  electrochemical capacitors that have high
  capacitance and high energy density when compared
  to common capacitors, and higher power density
  when compared to batteries.
• The electrode materials for supercapacitors have
  been classified into three categories transition
  metal oxides, high-surface carbons, and
  conducting polymers.
• The supercapacitor stores energy by means of a
  static charge as opposed to an electrochemical
  reaction. Applying a voltage differential on the
  positive and negative plates charges the
  capacitor

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Batteries
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• An electric battery is a device consisting of
  two or more electrochemical cells that convert
  stored chemical energy into electrical energy
• Each cell has a positive terminal or cathode and
  a negative terminal or anode. The terminal marked
  positive is at a higher electrical potential
  energy than is the terminal marked negative
• Batteries have several key components
• the electrodes allow for collection of
  current and transmission of power
• the cathode material becomes reduced when
  the anode material is oxidized and vice versa
• the electrolyte provides a physical
  separation between the cathode and anode and
  provides a source of cations and anions to
  balance the redox reactions

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Batteries
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• In 2013,Berkeley Lab scientists invented a new
  material for use in rechargeable batteries that
  can boost power storage capacity by 30 percent.
  It is called a Conducting Polymer Binder,
  literally a kind of flexible plastic glue that
  holds electrode materials together while
  facilitating the shuttling of electrons and
  positively charged lithium ions.
• In their effort to make smaller, lighter and
  cheaper batteries, a Berkeley Lab team focused on
  improving the negative () electrode or anode.
  During charging of any lithium battery, lithium
  ions are driven to the anode, causing electrons
  to build up potential energy at the anode.
  Complete a circuit by turning on a switch and
  those electrons start flowing.
• Conducting Polymer Binder is a lightweight,
  flexible, electrically conducting adhesive
  polymer. It is blended with particles of silicon
  in a slurry process to form a silicon composite
  anode.

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Batteries vs Supercapacitor
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Fuel Cell
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• PAFC-Phosphoric acid fuel cell
• AFC-Alkeline fuel cell
• SOFC-Solid oxide fuel cell
• DMFC-Direct methanol fuel cell
• PEMFC-Proton exchange membrane fuel cell

• What is a fuel Cell?
• A fuel cell produces electricity through a
  chemical reaction but without combustion. It
  converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in
  the process also creates electricity. Its an
  electro-chemical energy conversion device that
  produces electricity, water and heat.
• Fuel cells operates much like a battery, except
  they dont require electrical recharging. A
  battery stores all of its chemicals inside and
  coverts the chemicals into electricity. Once
  those chemicals run out, the battery dies. A fuel
  cell, on the other had, receives the chemicals it
  uses from the outside therefore, it wont run
  out. Fuel cells can generate power almost
  indefinitely, as long as they have fuel to use.
• The reactions that produce electricity happen at
  the electrodes. Every fuel cell has two
  electrodes, one positive, called the anode, and
  one negative, called the cathode. These are
  separated by an electrolyte barrier. Fuel goes to
  the anode side, while oxygen (or just air) goes
  to the cathode side. When both of these chemicals
  hit the electrolyte barrier, they react, split
  off their electrons, and create an electric
  current. A chemical catalyst speeds up the
  reactions here.

Types of fuel cells
How do fuel cells work?
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Concluding Remarks
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• Conducting polymers such as Poly aniline,poly
  pyrrole,Poly Thiophene,Poly acetylene represent
  new advanced materials as a key issue for the
  development of new devices and structures
  offering the association of the various
  properties required in advanced applications.
• Supercapacitors, due to their capability to
  deliver during high momentary periods are
  presently using as the electrical energy storage
  devices. They have technical and economic
  advantages in electrical appliances, such as
  power supplies, protection of computer memory,
  microchip, fuel cells and batteries.
• Supercapacitors are unique devices exhibiting
  20-200 times greater capacitance than batteries
  and conventional capacitor.
• Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are used in
  applications as diverse as replacements for
  automative lighting, such as brake lamps, turn
  signals and automative traffic signals.
• LEDs are also used in remote control units of
  many commercial products including DVD players,
  televisions and other domestic appliances.
• Batteries are used to store the energy that is
  not needed immediately
• The field effect transistor(FET) uses in
  electric field to control the shape and thus the
  conductivity of a channel of one type of charge
  carrier in a semiconductor material. FET
  technology is the basis for modern digital
  integrated circuits.

• As a result, conducting polymers have been
  considered for important materials in
  microelectronics applications, electrocatalysis,
  fuel cell electrodes, light emitting diodes,
  biosensor microelectrodes

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References
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• 1 Conducting polymer in microelectronics by
  Angelopoulos.
• 2 Conducting polymer applications by Kareema
  Majeed Ziadan.
• 3 Electrochemistry, Polymers and
  Opto-Electronic Devices by Marco-A. De Paoli and
  Wilson A.
• Gazotti.
• 4Conductive Polymers Applications for
  Electronic Devices YoonBoShim, Professor,
  Department of
• Chemistry and Director, Institute of
  BioPhysio Sensor Technology, Pusan National
  University, South
• Korea.
• 5 Electrochemically synthesised conducting
  polymeric materials for applications
• towards technology in electronics,
  optoelectronics and energy storage devices
• 6 Conducting Polymers and their Applications by
  Murat Atesa, Tolga Karazehira and A. Sezai
  Saracb.
• 7 Electrochemical switching in conducting
  polymers printing paper electronics Payman
  Tehrani.
•  

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Wherever you need power, a fuel cell could be
the solution.
Conducting Polymer
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Conducting Polymer
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