Solar Power Charge Controller (1)

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Solar Power Charge Controller
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Solar Power Charge Controller

• Introduction
• Charging batteries with solar power is great on
  the environment and for batteries. Charging and
  maintaining batteries through solar will result
  in better battery performance and longer battery
  life.
• The solar energy is converted to electrical
  energy by photo-voltaic cells, this energy is
  stored in batteries during day time for utilizing
  the same during night time.
• Precise Charge Controller for Solar Photo Voltaic
  Panel used Embedded based Micro controller
  concept.
• The main scope is, the photovoltaic cells are
  converting the sunlight in to electricity a
  charge controller is used.

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• Description
• In solar power system, charge controller is the
  heart of the system which was designed to protect
  the rechargeable battery
• It deals with a controlled charging mechanism
  which over charge, deep discharge and under
  voltage of the battery.
• In this a solar panel is used to charge a
  battery. A set of op-amps are used as comparators
  to continuously monitor panel voltage, load
  current etc.
• Indications are also provided by a green LED for
  fully charged battery while a set of red LEDs to
  indicate under charged, overloaded and deep
  discharge condition.

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• Charge controller also uses MOSFET as power
  semiconductor switch to ensure cut off the load
  in low battery or overload condition.
• A transistor is used to bypass the solar energy
  to a dummy load while the battery gets fully
  charged.
• This protects the battery from getting over
  charged.

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Solar Power Charge Controller
Block Diagram

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• Hardware Requirements
• Solar panel
• Op-amps
• MOSFET
• Power Diodes
• LEDs
• Potentiometers
• Battery

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• MOSFET(IRF 510)
• The metaloxidesemiconductor field-effect
  transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a
  device used for amplifying or switching
  electronic signals.
• The basic principle of the device a voltage on
  the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a
  conducting channel between the two other contacts
  called source and drain.
• It is by far the most common transistor in both
  digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar
  junction transistor was at one time much more
  common.

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• OPAMP LM324
• Features
• Internally frequency compensated for unity gain
• Large DC voltage gain 100 dB
• Wideband with 1Mhz (Temperature compensated)
• Wide power supply range
• Single supply 3V to 32V
• or dual supplies 1.5V to 16V
• Very low supply current drain (700 µA)
  essentially independent of supply voltage
• Low input biasing current 45 nA (temperature
  compensated)
• Low input offset voltage 2mV and offset current5
  nA
• Large output voltage swing 0V to V - 1.5V

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• BC547 (NPN Transistor)
• The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon
  Transistor.
• It is used in general-purpose switching and
  amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN
  general-purpose transistors.
• The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the
  DC Current Gain of the device and is given the
  symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (ß).

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• 1N4148
• The 1N4148 is a standard small signal silicon
  diode used in signal processing.
• The 1N4148 is generally available in a DO-35
  glass package and is very useful at high
  frequencies with a reverse recovery time of no
  more than 4ns.
• This permits rectification and detection of radio
  frequency signals very effectively, as long as
  their amplitude is above the forward conduction
  threshold of silicon (around 0.7V) or the diode
  is biased.

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• Photovoltaic cells
• Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special
  materials called semiconductors such as silicon,
  which is currently the most commonly used.
• Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain
  portion of it is absorbed within the
  semiconductor material.
• PV cells also all have one or more electric
  fields that act to force electrons freed by light
  absorption to flow in a certain direction.
• This flow of electrons is a current, and by
  placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of
  the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use
  externally.

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• Solar panel
• Expose the cell to light, and the energy from
  each photon (light particle) hitting the silicon,
  will liberate an electron and a corresponding
  hole.
• If this happens within range of the electric
  fields influence, the electrons will be sent to
  the N side and the holes to the P one, resulting
  in yet further disruption of electrical
  neutrality.
• This flow of electrons is a current the
  electrical field in the cell causes a voltage and
  the product of these two is power.

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• Battery
• An electrical battery is a combination of one or
  more electrochemical cells, used to convert
  stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
• The battery has become a common power source for
  many household, robotics and industrial
  applications.
• Larger batteries provide standby power for
  telephone exchanges or computer data centers

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• Advantages
• No noise
• Easy to install
• Simple to operate
• Pollution free working
• Low maintenance cost
• Generating panel has a long life

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• Conclusion
• In future, we will have to depend on renewable
  energy. The only source available around us is
  sunlight, and we can easily convert sunlight
  energy into electrical energy by using PV cells
  to meet our requirement.
• However to extend use of solar power energy to
  industrial and commercial areas, the price of PV
  cells need to be brought down through low-cost
  manufacturing techniques.
• By using the solar energy power generation
  technology the usage of non-conventional
  resources can be minimized which not only reduces
  the resource extinction but helps widely in
  reducing the environmental pollution.

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Solar Power Charge Controller

• By Generating Power Through Solar Energy The Cost
  Of Electricity Can Be Minimized And Occasionally
  Can Be Provided With Free Of Cost. Electricity
  Can Be Supplied Even To Remote Areas With Out The
  usage Of Transmission Lines.

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Railway Track Security by GSM With User
Programmable Number Features

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