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URINARY TRACT INFECTION

• By Jessica Lopez, Rea Ramos, Trina Klungreseter

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What is UTI?

• A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is a general
  term for an infection anywhere between the
  kidneys and the urethra (where urine comes out).
  Most UTIs are bladder infections. They often
  cause pain or burning when you urinate.

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Urinary tract infections have different names,
depending on what part of the urinary tract is
infected.

• Bladder -- an infection in the bladder is also
  called cystitis or a bladder infection
• Kidneys -- an infection of one or both kidneys is
  called pyelonephritis or a kidney infection
• Ureters -- the tubes that take urine from each
  kidney to the bladder are only rarely the site of
  infection
• Urethra -- an infection of the tube that empties
  urine from the bladder to the outside is called
  urethritis

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What causes Urinary Tract Infection?

• The most common cause of UTIs are bacteria from
  the bowel that live on the skin near the rectum
  or in the vagina, which can spread and enter the
  urinary tract through the urethra. Once these
  bacteria enter the urethra, they travel upward,
  causing infection in the bladder and sometimes
  other parts of the urinary tract.
• Sexual intercourse is a common cause of urinary
  tract infections because the female anatomy can
  make women more prone to urinary tract
  infections. During sexual activity, bacteria in
  the vaginal area are sometimes massaged into the
  urethra.
• Women who change sexual partners or begin having
  sexual intercourse more frequently may experience
  bladder or urinary tract infections more often
  than women who are celibate or in monogamous
  relationships. Although it is rare, some women
  get a urinary tract infection every time they
  have sex.
• Another cause of bladder infections or UTI is
  waiting too long to urinate. The bladder is a
  muscle that stretches to hold urine and contracts
  when the urine is released. Waiting too long past
  the time you first feel the need to urinate can
  cause the bladder to stretch beyond its capacity.
  Over time, this can weaken the bladder muscle.
  When the bladder is weakened, it may not empty
  completely and some urine is left in the bladder.
  This may increase the risk of urinary tract
  infections or bladder infections.
• Other factors that also may increase a woman's
  risk of developing UTI include pregnancy, having
  urinary tract infections as a child, menopause,
  or diabetes.

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Signs Symptoms
pyrexia
hematuria
Pain in the midline suprapubic region
nausea
vommitting
dysuria
Urgency to urinate
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Nursing Diagnosis Interventions
1. Acute Pain related to inflammation and
infection of the urethra, bladder and other
urinary tract structures.Goal Pain is reduced
/ lost, the spasms can be controlled.Expected
outcomes client reported no pain on urination,
no pain in the suprapubic region.Intervention1
. Monitor urine color changes, monitor the
voiding pattern, input and output every 8 hours
and monitor the results of urinalysis
repeated.Rationale To identify the indications
of progress or deviations from expected
results2. Note the location, time intensity
scale (1-10) pain.Rationale To help evaluate
the place of obstruction and cause pain.3.
Provide convenient measures, such as
massage.Rationale Increase relaxation, reduce
muscle tension.4. Give perineal care.Rational
To prevent contamination of the urethra.5. If
using a catheter, catheter treatment 2 times per
day.Rationale The catheter provides a way for
bacteria to enter the bladder and urinary tract
up to.
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Cont..
6. Divert attention to the fun.Rationale
Relaxation, avoid too feel the pain.7.
Collaboration of analgesics.Rational to control
the pain.2. Impaired Urinary Elimination
related to frequent urination, urgency, and
hesitancy.Goal improve urinary elimination
pattern.Expected outcomes clients reported a
reduction in frequency (frequent urination), and
urgency.Intervention1. Assess the patient's
pattern of elimination.Rationale as a basis for
determining interventions.2. Encourage the
patient to drink as much as possible and reduce
drinking in the afternoon.Rationale To support
the renal blood flow and to flush bacteria from
the urinary tract. The liquid that can irritate
the bladder (eg, coffee, tea, alcohol) is
avoided. In order not to wake up frequently at
night to urinate.3. Encourage the patient to
urinate every 2-3 hours and when it suddenly
felt.Rationale Because it significantly lowers
the number of bacteria in the urine, reduced
urine status and prevent recurrence of
infection.4. Prepare / encouragement do perineal
care every day.Rationale Reduce the risk of
contamination / infection increased.
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Cont..
3. Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to pain and
nocturia.Goal to improve sleep
patterns.Expected outcomes clients reported
being able to sleep, clients seem
fresh. Intervention1. Determine the usual
sleeping habits and changes.Rationale Assess
and identify appropriate interventions.2.
Provide a comfortable bed.Rationale Improve
sleeping comfort and support of physiological /
psychological.3. Increase comfort bedtime
regimen, for example, a warm bath and a massage,
a glass of warm milk.Rationale Increases the
effect of relaxation. Note The milk has sopofik
quality, boost the synthesis of serotonin, a
neurotransmitter that helps patients and sleep
longer.4. Reduce noise and light.Rationale
Provide a situation conducive to sleep.5.
Instruct relaxation measures.Rationale Helps
induce sleep.
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Cont..
4. Hyperthermia related to the reaction to
inflammation.Goal body temperature back to
normal.Expected outcomes client reported no
fever, no palpable heat, vital signs within
normal limits.Intervention1. Assess any
complaints or signs of increased body temperature
changes.Rationale Increased body temperature
will shows a variety of symptoms such as red eyes
and the body feels warm.2. Observation of vital
signs, especially temperature, as
indicated.Rationale To determine
interventions.3. Warm water compress on the
forehead and both axilla.Rationale To stimulate
the hypothalamus to the temperature control
center.4. Collaboration of antipyretic
drugs.Rationale Controlling fever.
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Diagnosis
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Treatments
Antibiotics
Flushes out the bacteria.
AZO for pain relief
Its high in proanthocyanidins, been proven to
prevent bacteria from sticking to the walls fo
urinary tract, several glasses of juice should be
consumed daily during UTI
Pyridium to relieve bladder irritation
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