MERCURY, SCIENCE AND POLITICS

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MERCURY, SCIENCE AND POLITICS

• January 2008
• Dr. Boyd Haley
• Professor of Chemistry/Biochemistry
• University of Kentucky

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VISUALIZATION OF MERCURY EMITTING FROM A DENTAL
AMALGAM

• From www. uninformed concent.com
• David Kennedys IAOMT tape
• IN SPITE OF THE OBVIOUS EMISSION OF Hg VAPORS
  FROM DENTAL AMALGAM THE FDA HAS STEADFASTLY
  REFUSED TO TEST THEM FOR SAFETY!

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Mercury from Dental Amalgam

• Pro-amalgam ADA spokespersons estimate that
  about 0.03 mcg mercury are emitted from a single
  amalgam per day. Estimate that it would take
  several hundred amalgams to provide a toxic
  exposure.
• A new IAOMT study shows that different amalgam
  types emit more mercury and that a single spill
  (very small amalgam) emits between 4.0 to 20 mcg
  of mercury per day at room temperature and
  without abrasion of any sort. This is about 133
  to 666 times more than was estimated by the ADA!

4
IAOMT AMALGAM STUDY PROCEDURE

• Nine dentists across the USA volunteered to make
  10 cylindrical, one spill amalgams in a provided
  plexiglass mold.
• The IAOMT provided new amalgam kits directly from
  the manufacturers to each dentist.
• The amalgams in the molds were sent to Dr. Haley
  at the University of Kentucky for Hg analysis.
• The amalgams were allowed to age for over one
  month to eliminate any surface mercury.
• The amalgams were placed in 10 ml of distilled
  water which was changed daily.
• Aliquots of this water were removed at days
  indicated and analyzed for mercury content.

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Literature

• 0.54 µg/g Hg in feces when amalgams are present.
  This is 540ng/g (see next slide!)
• Daily excretion in feces 60 µg of Hg

Determined and Presented by Dr. David Quig of
Doctors Data, USA
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ELEVATED MERCURY IN IDIOPATHIC DILATED
CARDIOMYOPATHY (IDCM). WHERE DOES THE Hg COME
FROM?

• LEVELS ng/g Hg Sb
• Controls 8.0 1.5
• IDCM 178,400 19.260
• Frustaci et al., J. of American College of
  Cardiology, 33, (6) 1578, 1999. Controls were
  patients with valvular or ischemic heart disease.
  
• ATHLETIC YOUTH DIE OF IDCM.
• WHY HASNT NIH REQUESTED PROPOSALS FOR RESEARCH
  TO STUDY THIS??
• THIS IS PROOF THAT MERCURY CAN CONCENTRATE IN
  SPECIFIC TISSUES OR ORGANS OF THE BODY, EVEN IF
  Hg BLOOD LEVELS ARE FOUND TO BE IN THE NORMAL
  RANGE.

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?
DeRouen et al. JAMA 295, 1784-92, 2006
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GIRLS
BOYS
J. Woods, et al., Environmental Health
Perspectives (2007) 11510, 1527-1531.
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• The previous slide shows that prolonged exposure
  to mercury vapor decreases the childs ability to
  excrete mercury through their kidneys.
  Especially affects BOYS.
• This is consistent with the well known toxic
  effects of mercury on kidneys.
• This explanation is consistent with the reports
  by the EPA and National Academy of Sciences that
  8 to10 of American women have such high Hg body
  levels that would render increased susceptibility
  to neurological damage any child they would give
  birth to.

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Activated Matrix Metallo Proteinase (MMP) is
involved in numerous inflammatory diseases. Our
new research shows MMP is activated by mercury
and organic mercury!

• Atrial fibrillation (AF) produces changes in
  atrial structure and extracellular matrix
  composition, which is regulated by matrix
  metalloproteinases (MMPs) and often occurs in the
  setting of congestive heart failure.
• Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to
  participate in the pathogenesis of coronary
  artery disease (CAD), particularly in the
  occurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
• Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are important in
  many physiological processes including
  development, reproduction, and wound repair.
  Conversely, aberrant MMPs expression can be
  detrimental, promoting the pathologic destruction
  of extracellular matrix components in numerous
  disease states including breast and squamous
  cell carcinoma.
• The significance of circulating matrix
  metalloproteinases -2 and -9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), as
  well as their tissue inhibitors -1 and -2
  (TIMP-1, TIMP-2) in ovarian cancer were studied
  to assess the possibility of using them in
  clinical decision-making. Within malignant
  neoplasias, high circulating TIMP-1 correlated to
  the aggressive phenotype and unfavorable
  prognosis.
• Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated
  in the pathogenesis of diseases such as
  Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral
  sclerosis (ALS). Increased expression of MMP-9
  and TIMPs has been reported in postmortem AD and
  ALS brain tissue, as well as in ALS cerebrospinal
  fluid (CSF) and plasma.
• In active MS patients, both with
  relapsing-remitting and chronic progressive
  disease MMP-9 mRNA and plasma protein levels were
  significantly increased compared to healthy
  controls.
• Abdominal aortic aneurysms are characterized by
  degradation of the extracellular matrix, with a
  reduction in the elastin concentration of the
  arterial media. These changes are mediated by
  increased levels of endogenous metalloproteinases
  (MMPs) within the aorta.
• These data suggest that the balance of MMP-2 and
  MMP-9 to TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression is an
  essential factor in the aggressiveness of renal
  cell carcinoma.
• Several solid tumors display enhanced expression
  of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and recently
  MMP-inhibitors have entered clinical trials. The
  obtained results support the hypothesis that MMPs
  and their endogenous inhibitors participate in
  the invasive process of human osteosarcoma.
• NUMEROUS DISEASES INCLUDING SEVERAL CANCERS AND
  NEUROLOGICAL ILLNESSES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE
  ACTIVATION OF SPECIFIC MATRIX METALLO PROTEINASES
  (MMP). Hg2 AND ETHYL-Hg BOTH ACTIVATE A COMMON
  FORM OF MMP.

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BOTH Hg2 AND THIMEROSAL ACTIVATE MMP-9, AN
ENZYME THAT DIGESTS COLLAGEN AND LEADS TO TISSUE
BREAKDOWN.
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Results Digestion of collagen by MMP-9 was
greatly enhanced by preincubation with Hg2, PMA
and Thimerosal. Kinetics and concentration effect
studies are continuing.
A polyacrylamide gel on which collagen and its
peptides have been separated after incubation
with MMP-9 with and without preincubation of the
enzyme with Hg2 , PMA or thimerosal.
1. Hagele, et al. Mercury Activates Vascular
Endothelial Cell Phospholipase-D through Thiols
and Oxidative Stress. Inter. J. of Toxicology
(2007) 2657-69. 2.Ionescu, J. G. et al.
Increased Levels of Transition Metals in Breast
Cancer Tissue. Neuroendocrinology Letters (2006)
271, 36-39.
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Hg2 and Thimerosal activate MMP-9. This
activation may be inhibited by compounds that
chelate Hg2.
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Axonal Transport - A Process Essential for the
Survival of Neurons
Dendrite
Membrane Bound Organelle
Axon
Dynien
Microtubule
Kinesin
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HgEDTA Induces Aberrant 32P8N3GTP-ß-Tubulin
Interactions Indicative of AD
Normal Brain without and with Hg2.
Alzheimers Disease Brain
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EDTA Prevents Cd, Cu Zn But Not Hg Inhibition
of 32P8N3GTP Photolabeling of Brain ß-Tubulin
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SEQUENTIAL AMALGAM EXTRACTION SOLUTIONS INHIBIT
THE VIABILITY OF BRAIN TUBULIN
Active
Hours of Amalgam Soak
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Effect of treating neurons in culture with
nanomolar levels of Hg2. Leong et al.
University of Calgary
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Immunostaining for Tubulin in Neurons treated
with Hg2. Leong et al. University of Calgary.
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INHIBITION OF CREATINE KINASE (CK) BY WATER
EXPOSED TO AGED AMALGAM . CK IS 97 INHIBITED IN
ALZHEIMERS DISEASED BRAIN.
Amalgam soak time.
ASSAY TIME MINUTES
RELATIVE LEVEL 32P-CREATINE PHOSPHATE PRODUCED
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Pink Disease/Acrodynia

• Affected 1 in 500 children in late 1800s until
  about 1940.
• Cause was mercurous chloride (calomel) in
  teething powers.
• Elimination of these mercury containing teething
  powders eliminated this disease.
• Therefore, it is very plausible that low level
  exposure to mercury at an early age could cause a
  neurological disease.
• Note Ethylmercury is many times more toxic than
  mercurous chloride. Lethality is not an absolute
  measurement of all toxic effects.

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Current Situation

• Drugs use to treat behavioral disorders (autism,
  ADHD) has increased dramatically (369) in the
  recent past to where we now spend more on these
  drugs than we do on antibiotics and asthma drugs
  for children.
• The USA now spends more on drugs to treat ADHD
  than it does on antibiotics and asthma drugs.
• 1 of 6 children in the USA have a diagnosed
  neurodevelopmental problem according to the CDC.
  About 1 in 166 have autism.
• We have a major problem!
• Yet, our FDA, CDC, NIH and AMA ignore the effects
  of dental and medical induced exposures to
  mercury.

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Thimerosal Is Composed of Thiosalicylic Acid And
Ethyl Mercury, A Known Neurotoxicant
Water soluble
Water insoluble
1. The Merck Index, 12th ed., p. 1590, 9451
(1996). 2. Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia,
30th ed., 804 (1993).
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Organ Mercury Levels in Infants with
Omophaloceles Treated with Thimerosal. Fagan et
al. Archives of Disease in Childhood 52, 962-64,
1977

• Between 1969-75, 13 cases were treated, 10 died.
  Mercury analysis of organs ranged from 65 to
  2,700 times normal levels. This appears to be
  from 9 to 48 topical applications of 0.1
  thimerosal applications. NOTE These children
  were most likely on antibiotics. Consider the
  effect on their immune system!
• Paradoxically, (in another study) 3 infants
  exposed postnatally (Iraq, Methyl-Hg by
  ingestion) did not exhibit signs or symptoms,
  though their blood levels were gt1,000ppb, and one
  was gt1,500ppb. No antibiotics involved! Blood
  levels are not a measure of toxicity.
• CONCLUSION IN 1977 Organic mercurial
  antiseptics should be heavily restricted or
  withdrawn from hospital use, and the fact that
  mercury readily penetrates intact membranes and
  is highly toxic seems to have been forgotten.
  Result Merthiolate (thimerosal) was removed
  from the market by the FDA due to its inherent
  toxicity to infants.

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RAPID BLOOD TO BRAIN MOVEMENT OF
203Hg-THIMEROSALGasset et al.
Tetratogenicities of Opthalmic Drugs. Arch.
Opthalomology 93, 52-55, 1975.

• Pregnant rabbits were injected subcutaneous with
  203Hg-thimerosal.
• From hour 1 post injection to hour 6 the cpm of
  203Hg in the blood decreased from 100,000 to less
  than 25,000 cpm, or over 75.
• From hour 2 post injection to hour 6 there was
  increased cpm of 203Hg in the fetal brain (2
  fold), liver (4 fold) and kidney (3 fold).
• Yet the IOM/CDC/AAP states that the rapid loss of
  mercury from thimerosal from the blood makes it
  unlikely to be toxic enough to cause autism.
  Pichichero et al. Lancet 3601737, 2002

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THE BIG MISTAKE!

• YET SOME INDIVIDUALS AT THE CDC AND FDA DECIDED
  IT WAS OK TO INJECT THIMEROSAL INTO A NEWBORN
  INFANT AT LEVELS THAT WOULD BE EPA SAFE IF THE
  INFANT WEIGHED 275 POUNDS!
• The EPA safe level was based on mercury
  exposure from eating fish and whale meat.
• Most of the heavy metal protection in humans is
  in the intestinal area as we evolved eating and
  drinking contaminated food and water. This is
  bypassed on injection of thimerosal or breathing
  mercury vapor.

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• Table 1. US Department of Education statistics on
  autism in children aged 6-21 served by
  Individuals
• With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
• State 1992-1993 2001-2002 Increase
• Alabama 68 904 1,229
• Alaska 8 223 2,687
• Arizona 199 1,348 577
• Arkansas 30 774 2,480
• California 1,605 13,257 726
• Colorado 14 538 3,743
• Connecticut 164 1,470 796
• Delaware 15 294 1,860
• District of Columbia 0 144 -
• Florida 582 4,328 644
• Georgia 262 2,462 840
• Hawaii 52 380 631
• Idaho 39 356 813
• Illinois 5 3,802 75,940
• Indiana 273 3,262 1,095

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Thimerosal is toxic to tubulin and actin.
Combinations of Hg2 and thimerosal would be at
least additive.
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Observation

• Thimerosal, or ethyl-mercury, is a potent and
  rapid inhibitor of many enzymes necessary for
  human health.
• Thimerosal or ethyl-mercury does not have to
  break down to Hg2 to be toxic to these enzymes
  or structural proteins.
• The inhibition of tubuline polymerization would
  disrupt neuronal connections and prevent the
  mitotic spindle formation needed for immune cell
  division. The latter would induce an immune
  system suppression.

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Thimerosal in vaccines appeared to be more toxic
than pure thimerosal!
MOST VACCINES CONTAIN TRACES OF THIMEROSAL EVEN
IF IT IS NOT ADDED AS A PRESERVATIVE.
The vaccine thimerosal concentration was (is)
125,000 to 250,000 nanomolar!
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INCREASED NEURON DEATH
DR. MARK LOVELLS LAB
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Hg THIMEROSAL DISPLAY ADDITIVE TOXICITIES.
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RESULT

• The often used argument by pro-thimerosal
  advocates that the ethylmercury clears the blood
  to quickly to be toxic displays a lack of
  complete and intelligent analysis of the data.
  Dont accept this argument!
• Early blood mercury loss is most likely a measure
  of partitioning of Hg into the body and not
  excretion.

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SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS IS QUITE
COMPLEX AND CAN GREATLY ENHANCE THE TOXICTY OF
MERCURY

• Shubert et al. Combined Effects in Toxicology--A
  Rapid systematic Testing ProcedureCadmium,
  Mercury Lead. J. of Toxicology Environmental
  Health 4763, 1978.
• the administration of an essentially no response
  level (LD1) of a mercury salt together with a
  1/20 of the LD1 of a lead salt killed all of the
  animals. 2. Generally, a combination was
  synergistic when the most toxic member was
  present at or near its LD1 dose in the presence
  of a much less toxic member.
• Conclusion Mixing borderline toxic levels of
  two toxic metals (Pb2 Hg2) makes an extremely
  toxic solution.

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SYNERGISTIC TOXICITIES
AlNEOMYCINTESTOSTERONE EFFECTS
50 NANOMOLAR THIMEROSAL
DR. MARK LOVELL COLLABORATOR
TESTOSTERONE
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Estradiol Reduces Cumulative Mercury and
Associated Disturbances in the Hypothalamus-Pituit
ary Axis of Ovariectomized Rats. Oliveria et al.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety Jan.10, 2006

• Methyl-mercury induced a decrease in LHRH in the
  medial hypothalmus and a decrease in plasma
  levels of LH. These decreases in LHRH and LH
  were abolished by estrogenic replacement therapy.
  
• The estrogenic effects were associated with a
  reduction of mercury content of the anterior
  pituitary gland and medial hypothalmus,
  suggesting a protective estrogenic effect.

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Recent Publication On Thimerosal Exposure and
Neurological Disorders Autism

• Effects of Thimerosal on Nerve Growth Factor
  Signal Transduction and Cell Death in
  Neuroblastoma Cells. Parran et al.,
  Toxicological Sciences, 2005.
• Data demonstrated that thimerosal could alter
  NGF-induced signaling at concentrations lower
  than those causing neuronal death. Therefore, the
  neurons growth and properties could be impeded at
  exceptionally low levels of thimerosal without
  killing the neurons.

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Observations

• The toxicity of Hg2 and thimerosal are
  dramatically enhanced by other heavy metals,
  antibiotics and testosterone.
• It appears as if infants are much more
  susceptible to mercury toxicity than more mature
  individuals.
• Female hormone prevents mercury retention and
  damage in certain areas of the brain.
  Testosterone enhances thimerosal toxicity.
• These findings may explain why autism spectrum
  disorders affect boys at a higher rate than girls.

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Mercury Effects on the Immune System

• The mitotic spindle is built on tubulin quite
  similar to that found in axons of neurons.
  Therefore, since the cells of the immune system
  must divide for an effective immune response Hg
  inhibits this and actively suppresses the immune
  system.
• Thimerosal is a very potent inhibitor of
  phagocytosis by mononuclear phagocytes,
  inhibiting the process at low 1 to 5 nanomolar
  levels. (Rampersad et al., Transfusion
  45(3)384-93,2005). This prevents removal of
  microbes and ethyl-Hg damaged cells and proteins
  leading to greater susceptibility for microbe
  infection and widespread autoimmune problems.

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Effects of Antibiotics, Diet and other Metals on
Hg Excretion Found in Published Literature

• Rats exposed to antibiotics were severely
  impaired in their ability to excrete mercury.
• Rats on milk versus high protein diets were much
  less able to excrete mercury.
• The great enhancement of synergistic toxicity
  with Hg and other heavy metals (e.g. lead) is
  well documented in the literature. We have many
  children with other heavy metals in their bodies.
• The above confounders have rarely been considered
  by those who write articles supporting the safety
  of thimerosal or dental amalgams.

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MERCURY BIRTH HAIR LEVELS VS. AMALGAM FILLINGS IN
AUTISTIC AND CONTROL GROUPS
Hair Hg level (mcg/g)
Data from A. Holmes, M. Blaxill B. Haley, Int.
J. of Toxicology v22, 2003
Controls
Autistic
Number of amalgams
4-5
6-7
8-9
gt10
0-3
Control autistic ratio
2.64
6.93
6.70
6.32
17.91
N
22
29
30
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BIRTH-HAIR MERCURY BY SEVERITY OF AUTISM
Hair Hg level (ppm)
Data from Amy Holmes, Mark Blaxill Boyd Haley,
Int. J. Tocicology v22, in press, 2003.
Mild Mean0.71 n27
Moderate Mean0.46 n43
Severe Mean0.21 n24
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Epidemiological Studies

• A study on seven-year-old children in the Faeroe
  Islands found that blood pressure problems
  increased with decreased blood Hg. This implies
  retention toxicity effects of Hg in this
  comparison.
• In the Sechylles study of gt700 children, boys
  with higher levels of hair mercury performed
  better on some tests as the Boston Naming test.
  This implies that ability to excrete increases
  hair Hg levels, not exposure, in this comparison.
• CONCLUSION Blood and hair Hg levels are not a
  measure of exposure at low levels, but rather a
  measure of both exposure and ability to excrete
  mercury.

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Observation

• Mercury from dental amalgams reaches infants in
  utero!
• Autistic infants in utero appear to have an
  impaired ability to excrete mercury when compared
  to normal children!
• New concept Low mercury levels in the hair and
  blood do not imply lack of toxic mercury exposure
  or retention in the body!

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The involvement of the 2004 Institute of Medicine
(IOM) report.

• The 2004 IOM committee was funded by the CDC.
• The 2004 IOM report cleared thimerosal as being
  involved in autism and recommended that no
  further research be done on this issue but to
  investigate other more fruitful areas like
  genetics.
• The 2004 IOM report was based only on 5
  epidemiological studies of questionable value.
• The 2004 IOM report totally dismissed the basic
  science research on thimerosal toxicity and the
  resultant aberrant biochemistry possibly caused
  by mercury-like toxicity reported by several
  research scientists.
• A recent congressionally requested NIH committee
  looked at the 2004 IOM report and gave it a very
  bad evaluation.

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Who did the Epidemiological Studies the IOM
depended on??

• The Verstraten studies at first showed autism
  rates were enhanced by thimerosal exposure. All
  the CDC data was lost or destroyed after it was
  published. Verstraten now works for a major
  vaccine producer in Europe.
• Two studies were done by Danish (Madsen and
  Hviid) who worked for the Stantens Serum
  Institute (SSI). SSI makes thimerosal containing
  vaccines and sells them to other countries
  because they are not allowed to be used in
  Denmark since 1992.
• One study was done in England by E. Miller.
  After her results were made known to the IOM the
  National Health Service removed thimerosal from
  English vaccines.
• Troubling, that the opinion of the FDA is based
  totally on foreign, conflicted opinions. Why
  couldnt the CDC find epidemiologists in the USA
  to do these studies???
• The Verstraten studies differed from the Danish
  and English study in that it did not show the
  dramatic protection effects of thimerosal against
  autism!!!!! Now also the latest Canadian study
  from Montreal.

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Autism Risks From 5 Sequential Studies by
Verstraten et al. of CDC
Study1 Study2 Study3 Study4 Study5
7.62 (1999) 2.48
1.69 1.52 (2001)
1.00 (2005)
Indicates thimerosal is causal for autism.
Conflicts with other CDC accepted studies from
Europe!
Simpsonwood Meeting
i.e., no increased risk of autism compared to
low exposure group. Also, no evident protective
effect of thimerosal or the value would have been
much less than 1.0. Yet the Danish studies
showed that removal of thimerosal caused a 20 to
25 fold increase in autism. One of these sets of
studies has to be wrong.
After publication in 2005 all of the data for
this work was lost by the CDC!!! Go to
Safeminds.org to read the FOIA material on the
Verstraten studies.
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DANISH STUDY

• In USA rate is 1/166 or 60/10,000!
• Outpatients added in 1995.
• Large Copenhagen Clinic added in1992.
• Autism classification changed in 1994.
• Thimerosal removed from vaccine.

Conclusion exposure to a potent neurotoxin,
thimerosal, prevents autism!!! Nonsense!
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Other Considerations

• In England, between 1970-1980, about 14.7 of
  children were not vaccinated as suggested. Yet a
  parental autism group there report (Tony
  Bateson), on the internet, only two cases of
  autism in non-vaccinated children were found in
  their search of autistics born during this time
  frame.
• The UPI series on autism by Dan Olmstead finds
• Very little, if any, autism in the unvaccinated
  Amish!
• Healthfirst, a Chicago Clinic that does not
  vaccinate in the first year of birth reports no
  autistic children born since 1985 from a
  population of about 35,000 children.
• The dramatic increase in autism in China
  following the end of the cold war and the
  importation of Western vaccines (Evidence of Harm
  by David Kirby).

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CRITICAL EXCLUSIONS

• THE CDC IGNORING OF THE EARLY REPORT BY REPORTER
  DAN OLMSTEAD OF A GREATLY DECREASED RATE OF
  AUTISM IN THE NON-VACCINATED AMISH POPULATION IS
  CRIMINAL!
• THERE IS NO RATIONAL EXPLANATION OF THIS EXCEPT
  TO PUSH FOR RESEARCH IN OTHER AREAS (GENETICS) TO
  AVOID FINDING THE POSSIBLE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
  THE CDC MANDATED VACCINE PROGRAMS. About 25
  million has recently been spent to find the
  genetic cause of autism without success!

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THE SMOKING GUN STUDY

• Done in Paris, France (since the 2004 IOM
  committee recommended NIH not fund thimerosal
  studies) in a large autism clinic.
• Investigated porphyrin profiles in autistic
  versus normal children because these profiles are
  the best indicator for heavy metal toxicity,
  especially mercury toxicity.
• Found porphyrin profiles that indicated 53 of
  autistic children surveyed were mercury toxic.
• Reversed toxic porphyrin profiles by treating
  autistics with a mercury chelator. Therefore,
  the cause was not genetic, but mercury toxicity.
• Supporting data from Norway has been reported.
• Dr. Robert Natal and Dr. Richard Lathe were the
  lead researchers in this work published in the
  International J. Toxicology 2006.

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WHAT ARE PORPHYRINS?

• Porphyrins are a class of compounds that lead to
  the synthesis of heme, the iron binding red
  compound of hemoglobin that binds oxygen and aids
  in delivery to cells, where it is used in the
  mitochondria to help make energy (ATP). Lack of
  heme or hemoglobin leads to a very pale
  complexion (ever notice the complexion of
  autistic children?)
• Heme has other biological uses. It is in the
  electron transport pathway that makes ATP. A
  shortage of heme would prevent adequate energy
  production.
• Heme is needed for active P450 enzymes, the
  enzymes that modify organic toxins and aid in
  removing them from the body.
• Heme is needed to remove amyloid protein from
  human brain to prevent production of amyloid or
  senile plaques as identified with Alzheimers
  diseased brain.

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WHY DMSA/DMPS ARE NOT REAL CHELATORS EVEN THOUGH
THEY DO REMOVE MERCURY.
/-S-Hg-S-/ MUST BE LINEAR AND IT CANNOT BE WITH
SH GROUPS ON ADJACENT CARBONS.
x
Hg2
DMSA
WHAT FORMS IS THE EQUIVALENT OF DMSA-S-Hg-S-DMSA
OR DMSA-Hg-CYSTEINE TYPE LINKAGES.
DMSA DMPS WERE DEVELOPED IN THE 1940s!
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Antioxidant Chelating Agents
R-S-Hg-S-R linear
Benzene bis-amido bis-thiol
Pyridine bis-amido bis-thiol
Water insoluble, but lipid soluble, coupling with
glutathione makes this compound water soluble.
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Glutathione derivative of Functionalized Mercury
Chelating Agents
Note Molecule would be charged and water
soluble at pH 7.4.
Glutathione
Glutathione
Very water soluble
60
Antioxidant Properties

• When Hg2 is bound to CT-01 it takes treatment
  with 239oC to effect its release.
• Treatment of the CT-01-Hg complex with aqueous
  solutions of pH 2.0 to 12.0 did not cause release
  of Hg2.
• CT-01, when added to aqueous Hg2 solutions forms
  a precipitate that is water insoluble but soluble
  in certain organic solutions.
• I think it is unlikely that Hg2 bound to CT-01
  would ever be released in the human body.

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Both contain acidic groups that are charged at
physiological pHs.
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New Antioxidant Partitioning Concept

• Most available antioxidants are water soluble
  because they carry ionic charges. DMPS, DMSA,
  glutathione, and Se2- are all charged.
  Therefore, they are not efficient at removing
  Hg2 or hydroxyl radicals that are located in
  fatty (hydrophobic) environments or inside of
  cells.
• Most toxin generated reactive oxygen species
  (ROSs) in the body are not available to DMPS,
  etc. for binding as they are intracellular or in
  hydrophobic locations.
• The new antioxidants release a very effective
  antioxidant chelator that enters hydrophobic
  areas. Entering the hydrophobic regions
  increases the time in the body enhancing the
  treatment capability.

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Toxicity Study of Lipid Soluble Antioxidant

• Group A B C D
• Test 1 0 100 200 300
• Test 2 0 200 300 400
• Test 3 0 300 400 500
• Total 0 600 900 1,200
• Test 4 0 - 1,500 1,500
• Procedure Rats were injected under the skin in
  the stomach area with compound to the amount in
  µMoles/kg body weight. Three days pause was
  between each treatment.
• Result No toxicity or weight loss was observed.

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Protection Against Mercury Induced Oxidative
Stress

• Rats given a lethal dose of Hg2 died within 3
  days exhibiting head tremors and convulsions
  before death.
• Rats similarly injected with Hg2 but 20 minutes
  later given the new chelator did not show any
  signs of toxicity except to drink more water and
  appear slightly less energetic for two days.
  They fully recovered and were quite active after
  5 months. No signs of tumors, etc.
• A FDA certified toxicology laboratory has
  confirmed that the new chelator is not toxic at
  5grams/kg body weight, the highest testing level!
  Nor did mice given 1.0g/kg body weight for 28
  straight days demonstrate any toxic effects.
• This research is being done for the purpose of
  obtaining FDA approval for these new antioxidants.

65
Conclusions

• Mercury is released from dental amalgams at
  levels that greatly exceed the estimated values
  of amalgam defenders.
• Mercury collects in heart tissue of IDCM subjects
  at incredibly high levelsyet this is ignored by
  the medical and dental community.
• After 2 years exposure children, especially boys,
  lose the ability to excrete mercury via urine.
  This is due to the retention toxic properties of
  Hg.
• Hg2 is exceptionally neurotoxic and inhibits the
  properties of enzymes known to be inhibited in
  Alzheimers diseased brain when added directly to
  human brain homogenates or in rats exposed to
  mercury vapor.
• Water in which amalgams have been soaked inhibit
  the same enzymes known to be inactive in
  Alzheimers diseased brain.
• The relative risk of APO-E genotypes can be
  explained by the ability of the various APO-E
  forms to bind mercury in the CSF.
• Mercury reacts with the known toxins of anaerobic
  infections to produce very toxic organic mercury
  compounds. Periodontal disease is highly
  correlated with numerous systemic illnesses.
• MMP, an enzyme whose activation is associated
  with numerous disease progressions, is activated
  by mercury. So is phospholipase-D.
• Mercury products, like dental amalgam, due to
  their release of toxic mercury and proven
  exacerbation of disease effects have no place in
  modern dentistry or medicine.