Title: Jimmy Carter used his reputation for honesty to win th
110th American HistoryUnit VI Looking Toward
the Future
- Chapter 21 A Search for Order
- Section 2 Carters Presidency
2Carters Presidency
- The Main Idea
- Jimmy Carter used his reputation for honesty to
win the presidency in 1976, but he soon met
challenges that required other qualities as well. - Reading Focus
- What were some of the difficult domestic
challenges facing Carter and the nation in the
late 1970s? - What were Carters greatest foreign-policy
triumphs and challenges? - How did international crises affect Carters
presidency?
3FACTS about this decade.
- Population 204,879,000 Unemployed in 1970
4,088,000 National Debt 382 billion Average
salary 7,564 Food prices milk, 33 cents a
qt. bread, 24 cents a loaf round steak, 1.30 a
pound Life Expectancy Male, 67.1 Female, 74.8 - Watergate forced a president to resign or be
impeached. - SALT I, the first series of Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks, extended from November 1969 to
May 1972. During that period the United States
and the Soviet Union negotiated the first
agreements to place limits and restraints on some
of their central and most important armaments.
4Fads
- Mood rings, lava lamps, Rubik's cube, Sea
Monkeys, smiley face stickers, and pet rocks all
captured the imagination of Americans during this
decade. The wildest fad surely was streaking nude
through very public places! Families vacationed
in station wagons and everyone wanted an RV.
5Fashion
- The men sported shoulder length hair.
- Non-traditional clothing became the rage,
including bellbottom pants, hip huggers, colorful
patches, hot pants, platform shoes, earth shoes,
clogs, T-shirts, and gypsy dresses. Knits and
denims were the fabrics of choice. - Leisure suits for men became commonplace, and
women were fashionable in everything from
ankle-length grandmother dresses to hot pants and
micro-miniskirts. - The movie Annie Hall (1977) even inspired a
fashion trend with women sporting traditional
men's clothing such as derby hats, tweed jackets,
and neckties worn with baggy pants or skirts.
6 The movies
- The Seventies was the decade of the big comeback
for the movies. After years of box office erosion
caused by the popularity of television, a
combination of blockbuster movies and new
technologies such as Panavision and Dolby sound
brought the masses back to the movies. The sci-fi
adventure and spectacular special effects of
George Lucas's Star Wars made it one of the
highest grossing films ever. - Disaster movies, Towering Inferno, Earthquake,
Poseidon Adventure, and Airport. - Sylvester Stallone's Rocky reaffirmed the
American dream and gave people a hero with a
"little guy comes out on top" plot. - The Godfather spawned multiple sequels.
- There also was the terror of Steven Spielberg's
Jaws, the chilling Exorcist, and the moving
Kramer vs. Kramer. - There was a definite public yearning for simpler,
more innocent times as evidenced by the
popularity of the movies, American Graffiti and
Grease, which both presented a romanticized view
of the Fifties. Saturday Night Fever with John
Travolta fueled the "disco fever" already
sweeping the music and dance club scenes and t - The nation's experience in the Vietnam War and
its aftermath influenced the themes of several
movies, including Coming Home, The Deer Hunter,
and Apocalypse Now.
7Television and the movies
- All in the Family which had plots on many
controversial issues such as abortion, race, and
homosexuality. - Saturday Night Live also satirized topics and
people once thought of as off limits for such
treatment, such as sex and religion. Nothing was
considered sacred. - Television satellite news broadcasts from the
frontlines of the conflict in Vietnam continued
to bring the horrors of war into the homes of
millions of Americans and intensified anti-war
sentiment in the country. - TV miniseries Roots fostered an interest in
genealogy, a greater appreciation of whites for
the plight of blacks, and an increased interest
in African American history. - Happy Days, which followed the lives of a group
of fifties-era teenagers, was TV's primary nod to
nostalgia, while The Brady Bunch comically
presented the contemporary family. - The relatively new publicly funded Corporation
for Public Broadcasting gained viewers and
stature with such fare as Sesame Street for
children, and live broadcasts of the Senate
Watergate hearings.
8 Technology
- The floppy disc appeared in 1970, and the next
year Intel introduced the microprocessor, the
"computer on a chip." - Apollo 17, the last manned craft to the moon,
brought back 250 samples of rock and soil.
Unmanned space probes explored the moon, Jupiter,
Mars, Saturn, Uranus, and Venus. - The U.S. Apollo 18 and the USSR's Soyuz 19 linked
up in space to conduct joint experiments. - Atari produced the first low-priced integrated
circuit TV games, and the videocassette recorder
(VCR) changed home entertainment forever. - Jumbo jets revolutionized commercial flight,
doubling passenger capacity and increasing flight
range to 6,000 miles. - The neutron bomb, which destroys living beings
but leaves buildings intact, was developed. - In medicine, ultrasound diagnostic techniques
were developed. The sites of DNA production on
genes were discovered, and the fledging research
in genetic engineering was halted pending
development of safer techniques. The first test
tube baby was born, developed from an
artificially inseminated egg implanted in the
mother's womb.
9Music
- Pop music splintered into a multitude of styles
soft-rock, hard rock, country rock, folk rock,
punk rock, shock rock - and - The dance craze of the decade, disco!
- Among the top names in popular music were
Aerosmith, the Bee Gees, David Bowie, Jackson
Browne, Alice Cooper, Eagles, Electric Light
Orchestra, Emerson, Lake Palmer, Fleetwood Mac,
Billy Joel, Elton John, Led Zeppelin, John
Lennon, Pink Floyd, Bob Seger, Bruce Springsteen,
Rod Stewart,Three Dog Night, and The Who. - "Easy listening" regained popularity with groups
such as the Carpenters, and Bob Marley gained a
huge core of fans in the U.S. performing Jamaican
reggae music. - This decade saw the breakup of the Beatles and
the death of Elvis Presley, robbing rock of two
major influences.
10CB Radio Jimmy Hoffa, the Concorde, Muscle Cars,
Munich and Video Games- 1803
- http//www.history.com/minisite.do?content_typeMi
nisite_Video_Clipscontent_type_id54486display_o
rder1mini_id54488
11 Oil Embargo
- October 17, 1973, when Arab members of the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC), in the midst of the Yom Kippur War,
announced that they would no longer ship
petroleum to nations that had supported Israel in
its conflict with Egyptthat is, to the United
States and its allies in Western Europe. - At around the same time, OPEC-member states
agreed to use their leverage over the world
price-setting mechanism for oil to quadruple
world oil prices
12Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple.
- The charismatic leader of Jonestown, was Jim
Jones, a preacher who set up the Peoples Temple
in San Francisco and ultimately moved his
followers to a more clandestine site in Guyana. - While Jones was preaching in San Francisco, he
helped out many local and even national campaigns
and was seen as a healer which much power in the
community. - However, once he had all of his members in
Jonestown, his personality changed. Away from the
constraints of American soil, Jonestown and its
members became very cultish. - In 1978, 913 followers of Jim Jones and the
Peoples Temple committed a mass suicide in
northern Guyana at a site called, Jonestown.
After making all 276 children at Jonestown drink
the punch, all the adults proceeded. In the end,
after Jones apparently killed himself with a
gunshot to the head.
13Patty Hearst and the SLA
- SLA was an American paramilitary group and was a
proponent of radical ideology. Members of the
group were accused and convicted of committing
murders, bank robberies, and acts of violence
between 1973 and 1975. Even though they never had
more than 13 members, they became the top ongoing
media story during their underground fugitive
period. More than anything else, this was
generated by their spectacular kidnapping of
wealthy media heiress Patty Hearst, making them
household names. On Feb. 4, 1974, the SLA carried
out its most notorious crime the kidnapping of
19-year-old newspaper heiress Patricia Campbell
Hearst, the granddaughter of publisher William
Randolph Hearst and an art history major at
Berkeley, it was a national media event. - A SLA communiqué to a local newspaper said the
group had "served an arrest warrant" on Hearst,
daughter of the "corporate enemy of the people. - SLA's first demand that every poor person in
California be given 70 in free food. The
estimated cost of such a food distribution would
be 400 million. Instead a food donation program
was set that provided 2 million in food. - The SLA robbed a Hibernia Bank branch in San
Francisco. Two surveillance cameras captured
Hearst carrying a carbine and shouting orders at
terrified bank customers. Two bystanders were
shot during the robbery, which netted the SLA
10,692. Urban Guerilla or Brainwashed? It seemed
to all that she had become more and more
sympathetic with the aims of the SLA and
eventually joined the group, taking part in their
illegal activities, including bank robberies. - When she went on trial for bank robbery, she
claimed the SLA had brainwashed her into
believing the FBI would kill her if she tried to
return to her parents. A jury rejected Hearst's
claim and she spent two years in prison before
President Carter commuted her sentence.
14Jonestown- 324
- http//www.history.com/videos/jonestown-massacrej
onestown-massacre
15Apollo Missions
- Apollo 12 was launched at 112200 a.m. EST on
November 14, 1969. The mission plan called for a
landing in the Oceanus Procellarum (Ocean of
Storms) area. Survey of the area, collect
samples experiments photographs - Apollo 13 was launched at 21300 p.m. EST on
April 11, 1970. None of the primary misson
objectives was accomplished. The mission was
aborted after nearly 56 hours of flight - The Apollo 14 Mission, was launched from Kennedy
Space Center, Florida, on January 31, 1971. To
explore, collect scientific data and material. - The Apollo 15 Mission- explore over longer
ranges, more hours and more equipment. - The Apollo 16 Mission- explore over longer
ranges, more hours (20) and more equipment and a
lunar rover-27 kilometers. - The Apollo 17 Mission- the last of the Apollo
missions. Awesome midnight launch its flawless
operation, its 72-hour lunar staytime, its
deployment of scientific instrumentation, its
return of the richest collection of lunar
materials from any lunar site, its orbital
science coverage.
16Jimmy Carter 0149
17President Jimmy Carter
- 39th President- 1977-1981 - Democrat
- Who was Jimmy Carter?
- Foreign Problems
- Human Rights
- Russians SALT II
- Panama Canal Treaties (2)
- Developed Nations and Underdeveloped Nations
- Middle East- Arabs (PLO) v. Israel
- Camp David Accords - Peace Treaty 1976
- Hostages in Iran
- Nicaragua and the Sandanistas
- Soviets Invade Afghanistan and the Olympic
Boycott.
18Carter Faces Domestic Challenges
- Jimmy Carter came across as an honest man of deep
religious faith who promised not to lie to the
American people. - Carter immediately tried to help the nation heal
some of the wounds of the past. - Ex. He issued a pardon to thousands of Vietnam
War draft dodgers. - Carter tackled problems in the economy and with
energy. - Finally, Carter tried to deal with environmental
issues.
19President Jimmy Carter
- Domestic Problems
- Failed to work closely with Dem. Congress Social
Security- paying out more than taking in. Taxes
were raised. - Congress blocked energy, electoral reform, and
welfare reform - Special Interests
- Inflation
- Energy Problems
- Environment coal nuclear power
- Energy Crisis
20Challenges Facing the Nation
- The Economy and Energy
- Inflation and unemployment were high.
- Carter made the development of a national energy
policy a priority. - Wanted to ease dependence on foreign oil through
energy conservation, developing new energy
supplies, and loosening government regulation of
the American oil industry - Asked Americans to conserve energy
- Promoted the development of alternative energy
sources
- The Impact
- The economy added many new jobs to help battle
unemployment. - Carter was unable to bring down inflation, in
fact, it got worse. - Carters energy policies were successful at
helping reduce American dependence on foreign
oil. - American production of energy increased under
Carter.
21Environmental Concerns
- Environmental Wins
- Believed that conserving fuel was a key way to
avoid plundering the environment - Passed the Alaska National Interest Lands
Conservation Act - The act protected more than 100 million acres of
land and doubled the size of the nations park
and wildlife refuge system.
- Environmental Losses
- In 1979 a mishap at a nuclear power plant on
Three Mile Island terrified the nation. - Although little radiation was released, public
concern about the safety of nuclear power grew. - Chemicals that a company dumped in New York began
to seep up through the ground at Love Canal and
were linked to high rates of birth defects. - Experts warned that there were likely many more
toxic waste sites around the nation.
22Environment
- What is Love Canal? Simply put, it is an
incomplete canal, or just a trench, built in
western New York state in the 1890s. From the
1930s through the 1950s, it was used as a
chemical waste dump. The surrounding land was
then sold and used for residential purposes, and
soon people began complaining about strange odors
and possible health problems. Since the late
1970s, many studies have been done to ascertain
whether any health problems can be traced to the
waste dumped into Love Canal. - Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant is just outside
Harrisburg, Penn. - A failed valve, and a miss reading by a worker
caused the reactor to be exposed and radiation to
escape. No deaths or illnesses. 1/2 hour away
from a meltdown.
23Changing World
- Two Worlds- East and West- US and USSR
- Third World- nations in Europe, Latin America,
Asia and Africa who were not attached to either
East or West. (Non-aligned) - Developed Nations- industrialized nations
- Developing nations-
- Underdeveloped poorer nations looking for help.
- 2/3 of worlds population
- Useful allies, raw materials, and profitable
trade. - How to win them over???
24Challenges Facing the Nation
- What were some of the difficult domestic
challenges facing President Carter and the nation
in the late 1970s? - Recall What did America know of President
Carter when he came to office? - Summarize What steps did President Carter take
to solve the energy problem? - Make inferences What was the significance of
President Carters promise to never lie to
Americans?
25Challenges Facing the Nation
- Recall What two environmental disasters
occurred during the Carter administration? - Make inferences What was the significance of
the discovery of chemical seepage at Love Canal?
26Carters Foreign Policy
- Carter came to office with little foreign-policy
experience. - Carter promised that the concept of human rights
would be at the forefront of his foreign policy. - Carter worked to strengthen ties between the
United States and the Soviet Union and China. - Carter gave control of the Panama Canal back to
Panama. - Carter helped Egypt and Israel deal with some of
the divisions that caused conflicts between their
countries.
27Panama Canal Treaties
- Why-
- The U.S. had been in control of Canal since 1903
and could be forever. - Riots in Panama demanding control of canal, the
biggest industry in Panama. - Panamanian Dictator Omar Torrijos threatened to
blow up the canal if the U.S. didn't get out. - 1st Treaty
- U.S. hands over Canal to Panama on Dec. 31, 1999
- 2nd Treaty
- Canal to be neutral waterway
- U.S. has permanent right to protect and defend
that neutrality.
28Nicaragua 1979
- Dictator Anastasio Somoza is overthrown by
Marxist rebels. (U.S. had helped his father get
control) - US recognizes the rebel government hoping to work
with it to keep the Communists from setting up
another base of operations. - The rebels- The Sandinistas, named after the
resistance leader Cesar Augusto Sandino, started
their struggle in Nicaragua in 1962. In the
seventies this culminated in a civil war against
the government of President Somoza, the third
president of the Somoza dynasty since 1933. - Sandanistas, were not willing to work with the
U.S.
29Carters Foreign Policy
- Human Rights
- Basic ideas outlined in the United Nations
Declaration of Human Rights - Carter expected friends and enemies alike to
uphold the highest standards in the treatment of
their citizens.
- Soviet Relations
- Carter wrote to Brezhnev about his concerns with
Soviet human rights issues. - Brezhnev politely said that each country should
mind their own business. - Concluded SALT II talks in 1979 that limited
nuclear weapons
- Recognizing China
- Formally recognized the government of the
Communist Peoples Republic of China - Ended recognition of the Republic of China on
Taiwan
30Issue of Human Rights
- Carter took a bold stand on Human Rights.
- By praising Russian dissidents (Sakarov) he
angered the Russian government. - He cut aid to Ethiopia, Argentina, and Brazil
because of human rights violations. - Critics felt Carter needed to be more behind the
scenes rather than so public.
31Dealing with Russia
- SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
- SALT I- about to expire
- SALT II- Carter has a broad plan for limitation.
- Carter admits the US is more powerful and the
Russia should fear this. (Cruise missile for
ex.) - He backed off on Russia human rights violations.
- June 1979- SALT II is signed.
- However due to increased suspicion about Russian
intentions the Senate never approved the treaty.
It did not become law.
32Carters Foreign Policy
- Panama Canal
- American control of the Panama Canal had been a
source of conflict between the two countries. - In 1977 Carter and Panamas leader agreed that
Panama would take control of the canal by the end
of 1999. - The Senate narrowly approved the treaties.
- For some Americans, loss of control of the canal
represented a decline in American power.
- Camp David Accords
- Greatest foreign-policy achievement
- Conflict between Egypt and Israel continued.
Egypt would not recognize Israel and Israel
continued to occupy Egyptian territory. - Carter guided Anwar el-Sadat and Menachem Begin
to a historic agreement that came to be called
the Camp David Accords. - Begin and Sadat won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.
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34Camp David Accords
- Camp David Accords- 1977
- Anwar Sadat- new President of Egypt- wants peace
with Israel. - Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel
- President Jimmy Carter of U.S.A
- All three meet at Camp David, the presidential
retreat. - Sept. 17. 1978 peace agreement reached.
- Other Arab nation objected and said Egypt acts
alone. Arabs put a economic boycott on Egypt.
35Carters Foreign Policy
- What were Carters greatest foreign-policy
triumphs and challenges? - Identify What was SALT II?
- Make inferences What was the significance of
Carters appointment of Andrew Young as U.S.
Ambassador? - Evaluate in what ways did President Carters
commitment to human rights help and hurt him?
36Carters Foreign Policy
- Describe What were the key features of the Camp
David Accords? - Summarize What was the general American
reaction to the Panama Canal Treaty? - Develop What does it mean when one country
refuses to recognize another?
37How did international crises affect Carters
presidency?
In 1979 a series of events occurred that seemed
to overwhelm Carters presidency.
In 1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.
On November 4, 1979, a mob attacked the American
embassy in Tehran, Irans capital, and took
several dozen Americans hostage.
38International Crises
- Afghanistan
- Soviets invaded Afghanistan to ensure continued
Communist rule in the country. - The attack threatened U.S.-Soviet relations and
called into question Carters ability to respond
to Soviet aggression. - Carter blocked shipment of grain to the Soviet
Union and said the United States would boycott
the 1980 Olympics. - Americans did not like the grain embargo or the
Olympic boycott because they seemed to hurt the
United States as much as the Soviet Union.
- Iran
- Revolution in Iran overthrew the shah and
replaced him with the Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini. - The American government allowed the shah to enter
the United States for medical treatmentthis
action enraged many Iranians. - A mob attacked the U.S. embassy in Tehran and
took Americans hostage. - Carters attempts to negotiate the release of the
hostages went nowhere. - A military attempt to rescue the hostages failed.
39Soviets Invade Afghanistan
- The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a 10-year
war fought between the Soviet Red Army, Afghan,
and foreign fighters in Afghanistan. The
'shooting' war is generally held to have started
December 24, 1979. Soviet troops ultimately
withdrew from the area between May 15, 1988 and
February 2, 1989. The Soviet Union officially
announced that all of its troops had left
Afghanistan on February 15. - The CIA invested US2.1 billion over a 10-year
period to create an anti-Soviet resistance. - USSR- 15,000 Killed,53,000 Wounded
- Afghanistan- 90,000 Killed, 90,000 Wounded,
Roughly 1.3 Million Civilian deaths. - One of these benefactors of the war was Osama bin
Laden - Resistance fighters, called mujahidin, saw the
Christian or atheist Soviets controlling
Afghanistan as a defilement of Islam as well as
of their traditional culture. Proclaiming a
"jihad"(holy war), they gained the support of the
Islamic world. The US gave them weapons and
money. The mujahidin employed guerrilla tactics
against the Soviets. - U.S stops grain sales to USSR and boycotts Moscow
Olympics.
40Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan- 1979
- U.S. embargoes grain sales and technology, and
culture exchanges to USSR. - U.S. and 61 other nations boycott the 1980 Summer
Olympics in Moscow - The Soviet stay in Afghanistan until April 14,
1988- Soviet Vietnam.
41The Russian Invasion of Afghanistan 0314
42Iran and the United States
- Shah of Iran
- Improved education
- Womens rights
- Improved public health
- U.S. ally
- but was a dictator, corrupt, and used torture to
westernize - Islamic revolution
- Overthrew the Shah. Shah goes to US for Cancer
treatment - Ayatollah Khomeini- New Fanatical Muslim leader
of Iran - Fundamental Islam
- U.S. Embassy in Teheran
- Our interest were oil based.
- Islamic fundamentalist mob invades embassy and
siezed the Americans there. - Demand return of Shah and unfreeze Iranian assets
- Carter refuses the demands
- Hostage Crisis- 52 for 444 days
Kathryn L. Koob, 42 - Embassy Cultural Officer
one of two female hostages.
43The Iran Hostage Crisis 0530
44A Crisis of Confidence
- The Iranian Hostage situation dragged on
throughout the presidential election year of
1980. - The situation in Iran also drove up gasoline
prices so that prices of goods in the United
States went up and inflation soared. - Many voters held Carter responsible for the
problems and the downcast mood of the country.
45International Crisis
- How did international crises affect Carters
presidency? - Recall Why was the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan troubling to the U.S.? - Evaluate Was blocking a shipment of grain and
refusal to participate in the Olympics in Moscow
an adequate response to the Soviet invasion?
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