Black Death bubonic ... History of the Black Death.avi

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Math 210G Mathematics AppreciationDr. Joe Lakey

• website http//www.math.nmsu.edu/jlakey/home.htm
  l
• phone [phone]
• office Science Hall 230

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Theories of disease

• Ancient historical view spontaneous generation
• Atharvaveda ancient Hindu text deals with
  medicine. Identifies causes of disease as living
  causative agents
• Earliest western references On Agriculture by
  Marcus Terentius Varro (c. 36 BC) ...and
  because there are bred certain minute creatures
  which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in
  the air and enter the body through the mouth and
  nose and there cause serious diseases.

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• Avicenna (1020 AD) bodily secretion
  contaminated by foul foreign earthly bodies
  before being infected contagious nature of
  tuberculosis/infectious diseases introduced
  quarantine

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• Black Death bubonic plague 14th century
• Ibn Khatima hypothesized infectious diseases
  caused by "minute bodies
• Ibn al-Khatib On the Plague
• notices how he who establishes contact with
  the afflicted gets the disease, whereas he who is
  not in contact remains safe, and how transmission
  is affected through garments, vessels and
  earrings."

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• The History of the Black Death.avi

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Fracastoro (1478-1553) Redi(1626-1697)
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• Girolamo Fracastoro (1546) epidemics caused by
  transferable seedlike entities direct or
  indirect contact OR long distances.
• Francesco Redi (1668) proof against spontaneous
  generation. 3 jars. meat loaf. (1) open, (2)
  covered with gauze (3) sealed. After a few days
• (1) covered by maggots, (2) maggots on surface of
  the gauze (3) none.
• maggots only on surfaces accessible by flies.
• No spontaneous generation

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Agostino Bassi (1773-1856)

• Credited with germ theory of disease
• observations on muscardine disease of silkworms.
  1835 blamed deaths of insects on a contagious,
  living agent, visible to the naked eye powdery
  spores

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• Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865) Hungarian
  obstetrician Vienna's Allgemeines Krankenhaus in
  1847,
• high incidence of death from puerperal fever
  amongst women who delivered at the hospital
  (30.)
• physicians had usually come directly from
  autopsies.
• made doctors wash their hands with water and lime
  reducing mortality from childbrith lt 2
• theories were viciously attacked by most of the
  Viennese medical establishment.

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John Snow

• 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
• miasma (Greek "pollution") "bad air"
• germ theory microorganisms
• Snow statistical analysis

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• RSC honours Dr John Snow.avi

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Snow and Cholera (1813-1858)
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1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
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John Snow, letter to the editor of the Medical
Times and Gazette

• nearly all the deaths had taken place within a
  short distance of the Broad Street pump only
  ten deaths in houses situated decidedly nearer to
  another street-pump. In five of these they
  always sent to the pump in Broad Street. In
  three other cases, the deceased were children who
  went to school near the pump in Broad Street...
  With regard to the deaths occurring in the
  locality belonging to the pump, there were 61
  instances in which I was informed that the
  deceased persons used to drink the pump water
  from Broad Street, either constantly or
  occasionally...
• The result of the inquiry, then, is, that there
  has been no particular outbreak or prevalence of
  cholera in this part of London except among the
  persons who were in the habit of drinking the
  water of the above-mentioned pump well.
• I had an interview with the Board of
  Guardians of St James's parish, on the evening of
  the 7th inst Sept 7, and represented the above
  circumstances to them. In consequence of what I
  said, the handle of the pump was removed on the
  following day.

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Light microscope

• 1590, two Dutch spectacle makers, Zaccharias
  Janssen and his son Hans, while experimenting
  with several lenses in a tube, discovered that
  nearby objects appeared greatly enlarged.
• 1609, Galileo, heard of these early
  experiments, worked out the principles of lenses,
  and made a much better instrument with a focusing
  device.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) taught himself
  new methods for grinding and polishing tiny
  lenses of great curvature magnifications up to
  270 diameters, He was the first to see and
  describe bacteria, yeast plants, the teeming life
  in a drop of water, and the circulation of blood
  corpuscles in capillaries.
• Robert Hooke, the English father of microscopy,
  re-confirmed Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discoveries
  of the existence of tiny living organisms in a
  drop of water. Hooke made a copy of Leeuwenhoek's
  light microscope and then improved upon his
  design.

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The microscope

• first microscope was made around 1595 in
  Middleburg, Holland
• Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625
• Hookes (pictured)

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
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discovered bacteria observing plaque between
his own teeth under a microscope On September
17, 1683, Leeuwenhoek wrote to Royal Society,
"a little white matter, which is as thick as if
'twere batter." Repeated observations on
presumably wife and daughter, and on two old
men who had never cleaned their teeth "I then
most always saw, with great wonder, that in the
said matter there were many very little living
animalcules, very prettily a-moving. The
biggest sort. . . had a very strong and swift
motion, and shot through the water (or spittle)
like a pike does through the water. The second
sort. . . oft-times spun round like a top. . .
and these were far more in number."
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• Van Leeuwenhoeks discovery of bacteria was not
  immediately accepted by scientists.
• the Society appointed two scientists - Nehemiah
  Grew, the plant anatomist and Robert Hooke, the
  microscopist. First time they failed, casting
  doubts on his report. However, Hooke again tried
  using a microscope with 330 X (power of
  magnification) and confirmed Leeuwenhoeks
  success. Both scientists confirmed that their
  observations were similar to those described in
  the letters by Leeuwenhoek.
• Now, the Royal Society accepted Leeuwenhoek as
  scientist and declared him as the discoverer of
  bacteria.

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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• (1860-1864) fermentation and growth of
  microorganisms in nutrient broths.
• Filters stop particles passing through to the
  growth medium no growth implies no spontaneous
  generation

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Robert Koch (1843-1910)

• First to devise proofs to verify germ theory.
• Koch's Postulates (1875) demonstrated anthrax
  caused Bacillus anthracis.
• Postulates still used today to help determine if
  newly discovered disease caused by a
  microorganism.

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• Casimir Davaine (1850s) bacterium "rod"or
  "staff".
• 3 types
• bacillus rectangular with sharply rounded ends,
  which varies in diameter between 20 µm and 0.5
  µm.
• coccus which resembles two tiny beans lying face
  to face. This type of bacteria is about 0.5 µm in
  diameter.
• spiral, which is about 15 µm in length.

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Viruses
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Viruses are small

• Pasteur could not find the germ some diseases,
  such as rabies (and common cold, mumps, measles
  and polio)
• Rabies almost always fatal. Noted weakened
  extract of tissue infected with rabies might be
  protective against the disease, even after a
  person had been bitten.

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• Pasteur 1885 applied extract 9-year-old Joseph
  Meister who had been bitten by a rabid dog.
  Vaccine worked. Joseph Meister lived another 55
  years.
• Pasteur hypothesized rabies due to small
  bacteria.

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Jenner (1749-1823) smallpox

• 18th-c. Europe 95 pop. contracted smallpox at
  some point in their lives
• as many as one in 10 died of it.
• New World wiped out millions of Native
  Americans.
• Edward Jenner (1796) milkmaids got cowpox
  (milder) but rarely smallpox.
• Could exposure to cowpox protect against smallpox
  as well?

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• Smallpox survivors thereafter immune.
• Jenner cowpox imply smallpox immunity?
• Tested on a healthy 8-year-old James Phipps pus
  from milkmaid's cowpox sore, scratched into the
  boy's arm. Small infected spot soon subsided.
• 6 weeks later inoculated Phipps with smallpox.
  Phips never contracted smallpox.

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• Academy of Achievement's Exclusive Interview
  Jonas Salk.avi

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Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) and Dmitri
Ivanovsky (1864-1920)
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• Germ theory accepted by late 19th century
• Dmitri Ivanovsky (1892) tobacco mosaic disease,
  was clearly infectious Hoping to find bacteria
  Ivanovsky ran extract of diseased leaves through
  filter, pores small enough to trap any known
  bacteriacaused .went right through liquid
  retained the power to infect other plants.
• Ivanovsky published findings little attention
  was paid
• Martinus Beijerinck (1898) same experiments
  same results
• infectious agent destroyed when the liquid was
  heated.
• Beijerinck concluded agent was a "contagious
  living fluid."
• Beijerinck (as Jenner) used the term "virus"
  (Latin for poison or pestilence.
• hoof-and-mouth disease, yellow fever, were also
  caused by these "filterable viruses."
• .
• 1930s filters with pores tiny enough to prove
  that viruses are particulate after all, rather
  than being fluid in nature.
• The earliest electron microscopes also appeared
  in the 1930s, and viruses could at last be seen.
• Today we know that viruses are not living cells
  like bacteria, but rather tiny packets of genetic
  material that must infect the cells of their
  unwilling host in order to reproduce.

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Viruses are small

• Largest viruses 1/10 typical bacteria 0.22.0
  µm
• NOT simply miniature bacteria

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• Ångström (1868) wavelength of electromagnetic
  radiation in multiples of one ten-millionth of a
  millimetre,
• (Ångström unit)
• Humans 4,000 å (violet) to 7,000 å (dark red) so
  the use of the ångström as a unit provided

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Electron microscope

• uses electrons to illuminate specimen and create
  image.
• can magnify specimens up to 2 million times,
• best light microscopes 2000 times. Both
  electron and light microscopes have resolution
  limitations, imposed by their wavelength.
• wavelength of an electron much smaller than that
  of a light photon
• electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses by
  controlling electron beam ..in a manner similar
  to lenses in light microscope

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Other deadly diseases
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Smallpox

• Smallpox (430 BC? - 1979)
• 30 to 35 mortality rate
• Smallpox killed an estimated 60 million
  Europeans, including five reigning European
  monarchs, in the 18th century alone.
• and most of the native inhabitants of the
  Americas 90 to 95
• Killed more than 300 million people worldwide in
  the 20th century alone,

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Spanish flu

• Spanish Flu (1918 - 1919) (2.4 to 5 of world
  population at the time)
• Killed 50 to 100 million people worldwide in less
  than 2 years
• WWI blamed as factor in its spread
• more people than Hitler, nuclear weapons and all
  the terrorists of history combined.
• The pandemic came and went like a flashin the
  United States a quarter of the nation's
  population -- and a billion people worldwide --
  had been infected

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• Obama on the spanish flu.avi

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Cholera

• Cholera (1817 - today) (bacterium Vibrio
  cholerae.)
• 8 pandemics hundreds of thousands killed
  worldwide
• Transmission to humans occurs through ingesting
  contaminated water or food
• The major cholera pandemics are generally listed
  as First 1817-1823, Second 1829-1851, Third
  1852-1859, Fourth 1863-1879, Fifth 1881-1896,
  Sixth 1899-1923 Seventh 1961- 1970, and some
  would argue that we are in the Eighth 1991 to
  the present. Each pandemic, save the last, was
  accompanied by many thousands of deaths. As
  recently as 1947, 20,500 of 30,000 people
  infected in Egypt died. Despite modern medicine,
  cholera remains an efficient killer.

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Typhus

• Typhus (430 BC? - today) (bacterial)
• Charles Nicolle 1909 lice were the vectors for
  epidemic typhus.
• Killed 3 million people between 1918 and 1922
  alone
• Common major outbreaks during wars
• .Following the development of a vaccine during
  World War II epidemics occur only in Eastern
  Europe, the Middle East and parts of Africa.

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Malaria

• Malaria (1600 - today)
• Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease
  caused by protozoan parasites transmitted by
  female Anopheles mosquitoes (plasmodium)
• widespread in tropical and subtropical regions
• about 400900 million cases of fever and
  approximately one to three million deaths
  annually
• little change in which areas are at risk of this
  disease since 1992.
• death rate could double in the next twenty years.
  
• the majority of cases are undocumented.

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AIDS

• AIDS (1981 - today) (retrovirus)
• Killed 25 million people worldwide one of the
  most destructive epidemics in recorded history
• first recognized in 1981,
• claimed approximately 3.1 million in 2005,
  including 570,000 were children.
• There are an estimated 40.3 million (estimated
  range between 36.7 and 45.3 million) people now
  living with HIV.
• The key facts surrounding this origin of AIDS are
  currently unknown, particularly where and when
  the pandemic began, though it is said that it
  originated from the apes in Africa.