Ogni lingua

1
Ogni lingua è, ad ogni suo momento,il risultato
della convergenza di elementi, giunti da ogni
parte agli uomini che la creanoogni unità
linguistica è il prodotto di un processo di
integrazioneparallela a quella dei parlanti è
lintegrazione tra sistemi linguistici.
V. Pisani
2
LOANWORDS CALQUES

• ATTILIA LAVAGNO
• Nota le slides con sfondo grigio riguardano la
  gestione delle attività di formazione, quelle con
  sfondo chiaro sono da mostrare ai corsisti

3
FASE 1 MODULO PONTE

• DESTINATARIinsegnanti dei due ordini in un
  momento di confronto
• OBIETTIVO Elicitare conoscenze pregresse e
  condividere terminologia specifica di riferimento
• METODO - brainstorming
• - raccolta info (poster)
• - presentazione ppt
  preparata
• dal formatore

4
METODO STEPS

• Brainstorming Gli insegnanti (divisi in gruppi
  plurilingue)
• a)concordano una definizione di prestito
  linguistico e calco linguistico e cercano
  esempi nelle varie lingue
• b)traducono i due termini nelle lingue
  comunitarie presenti nel gruppo
• Raccolta info Il formatore raccoglie le parole
  chiave in un poster
• Input teorico per gli Insegnanti di Lingua
  Inglese il formatore (avvalendosi della
  presentazione ppt) condivide con i corsisti brevi
  cenni di storia della Lingua Inglese

5
INPUT TEORICO 1

• Il formatore presenta alcune definizioni del
  termine LOANWORD
• cercando collegamenti con i risultati del
  brainstorming dei corsisti raccolti nel poster
• Applica la stessa metodologia per il termine
  CALQUE

6
DEFINITIONS of LOANWORD

• A word imported by borrowing from another
  language
• e.g English chamber is one of many loanwords
  introduced from Old french in the Middle ages
• ( Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics)

7

• a word borrowed from another language
• e.g. blitz' is a German word borrowed into
  modern English (http//www.princeton.edu )
• A word taken from one language for use,
  unchanged, in another
• The word "exit" is a loanword from Latin.
• (http//www.allwords.com)

8

• A word adopted from another language and
  completely or partially naturalized
• e.g hors d'oeuvre from French.
• (http//www.thefreedictionary.com)
• a word taken into one language from another
  (synonym borrowing)
• (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

9
DEFINITIONS OF CALQUE

• A word or expression which has been formed by
  translation of a corresponding word or expression
  in another language.
• e.g. French gratte-ciel is a calque on
  English skyscraper (lit. scratch sky)
• ( Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics)

10

• A word or phrase in one language whose semantic
  components (words or parts of words) are
  translations from another language.
• For example, the English phrase "blue blood"
  is a calque of the Spanish phrase sangre azul
  (sangre means "blood" and azul means "blue")
• (http//spanish.about.com)

11

• In linguistics a calque or loan translation is a
  word or phrase borrowed from another language by
  literal, word-for-word (Latin "verbum pro
  verbo") or root-for-root translation.
• For example, the common English phrase flea
  market is a phrase calque that literally
  translates the french "marché aux puces".
• (http//en.wikipedia.org)

12

• A word-for-word translation of a saying or a
  morpheme-by-morpheme translation of a word from
  one language to another.
• e.g.The word watershed is a from German
  Wasserscheide
• (http//www.allwords.com)

13

• CALQUE/LOAN TRANSLATION A form of borrowing
  from one language to another whereby the semantic
  components of a given term are literally
  translated into their equivalents in the
  borrowing language.
• e.g. English superman is a loan translation
  from German Übermensch.
• (http//www.answers.com)

14
INPUT TEORICO 2

• Chiarito il significato dei termini chiave di
  riferimento, il formatore procede con una
  presentazione sintetica relativa alla storia
  della lingua Inglese con lobiettivo di
  sottolineare i nodi storici che hanno prodotto
  prestiti da altre lingue, in primo luogo dal
  Latino

15
THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

• AD 450 Old English (OE) period
• arrival of West Germanic settlers (Angles, Saxons
  and Jutes) in southern Britain they brought with
  them dialects (which would produce modern German,
  Dutch and Frisian).

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A GERMANIC BASIS FOR ENGLISH

• This Germanic basis for English can be seen in
  much of our everyday vocabulary compare heart
  (OE heorte), come (OE cuman) and old (OE eald)
  with German Herz, kommen and alt.
• Many grammatical features also date back to this
  time irregular verbs such as drink drank
  drunk (OE drincan dranc (ge)druncen) parallel
  German trinken trank getrunken.

17
TRADING WITH THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• The GERMANIC TRIBES traded and fought with the
  Latin speaking Roman Empire.
• Many words (some originally from Greek) for
  common objects therefore entered their vocabulary
  via Latin even before the tribes reached Britain.
  
• Some examples are anchor, butter, camp, cheese,
  chest, cook, devil, dish, fork, gem, inch,
  kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, noon, pillow,
  pin, pound,, sack, street, wall, wine.

18
Christianity

• 6th and 7th century Christian missionaries
  introduced Latin religious terms providing both
  vocabulary (e.g. abbot, altar, apostle, bishop,
  church, clerk, disciple, mass, minister, monk,
  nun, pope, priest, school) and the basis for the
  writing system.

19
MIDDLE ENGLISH

• between the 11th and 14th centuries transition
  to Middle English (ME) (conventionally dated
  c.1100-1500)
• Historical facts Norman conquest, French
  dominance

20
THE NORMAN CONQUEST

• 1066 The Norman Conquest
• The aristocracy spoke Anglo Norman (which
  became Gallicised through contact with French).
• The Norman rulers made no attempt to suppress the
  English language, apart from not using it at all
  in their court.

21
FRENCH DOMINANCE

• French dominance and prestige in the royal court,
  law, the church and education encouraged
  extensive borrowing of vocabulary
• e.g. French words for farmed animals pork, beef
  and mutton (modern French porc, bœuf and mouton)
  were adopted The borrowed words came to signify
  only the meat of these animals, eaten by
  wealthier French speakers.
• the words inherited from OE (swine, cow and
  sheep) came to refer only to the living animals.

22
MODERN ENGLISH

• (ModE) started with the introduction of printing.
• 15th century Caxtons selection of an East
  Midlands/London variety of English for the first
  printed books development of a standardised
  variety of the language, with fixed spelling and
  punctuation conventions and accepted vocabulary
  and grammatical forms.
• attempts at codification, notably Johnsons
  dictionary (1755) and many prescriptive grammars
  of the 18th century.

23
Bibliography / sitography

• P. Tornaghi Tra lessico e semantica. Il ruolo
  del Latino nella soria della Lingua Inglese in
  DUE CODICI A CONFRONTO , La Scuola 2002
• Marisa Lohr How English has changed over time
  BBC OPEN UNIVERSITY http//www.open2.net
• G. Boeree The Evolution of Englishhttp//webspa
  ce.ship.edu
• N.S.Gill Etymology - English Words with Latin
  Prefixes
• http//ancienthistory.about.com

24
ATTIVAZIONE

• I corsisti (in gruppi plurilingue) discutono
  circa le modalità di insegnamento/presentazione
  dei prestiti linguistici.
• La discussione si avvale delle seguenti
  domande/stimolo

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DOMANDE PER DISCUSSIONE IN GRUPPO

• Nella tua esperienza hai già affrontato una
  riflessione in classe sui prestiti/calchi
  linguistici? Se sì, indica quando e per quali
  ragioni.
• In quale misura una ricognizione in questo senso
  può favorire un approccio plurilingue ed
  interculturale?

26

• Per lavorare in chiave interculturale con la
  lingua (soprattutto in presenza di alunni
  stranieri in classe), credi sia importante
  spiegare i prestiti ripercorrendo da dove vengono
  e perché sono usati nellaltra lingua?
• Pensi che analizzare in modo scientifico e
  rigoroso i prestiti, possa contrastare un
  atteggiamento di superficiale esterofilia
  presente nei giovani?

27
PROPOSTE DI ATTIVITA

• Raccolti gli esiti della discussione,
• il formatore propone alcune attività sui
  prestiti linguistici da svolgere in classe

28
ACTIVITY 1

• Target 3rd year Scuola Media students
• Objectives
• - making students aware of common
  loanwords from Italian
• - identifying loanwords semantic fields

29
RUBRIC

• LEGGI ATTENTAMENTE IL SEGUENTE BRANO E SOTTOLINEA
  IN ROSSO LE PAROLE SCRITTE IN ITALIANO E IN BLU
  QUELLE CHE ASSOMIGLIANO ALLITALIANO
• RAGGRUPPA IN UNA TABELLA LE PAROLE SOTTOLINEATE
  IN BLU E AFFIANCALE AL TERMINE ITALIANO SIMILE
• COSA HANNO IN COMUNE TUTTE LE PAROLE IN ROSSO?
• CI SONO PAROLE IN BLU CHE CONDIVIDONO LE STESSE
  CARATTERISTICHE DI QUELLE IN ROSSO?
• A rubric is a word or section of text which is
  written or printed in red ink to highlight it.
  The term derives from the Latin rubrica,
  meaning red chalk and originates in Medieval
  manuscripts from the 13th century or earlier.

30

• WHAT IS OPERA?
• Opera is a story told through music. The music is
  accompanied by an orchestra. Opera singers have a
  special timbre (colour or quality) to their
  voices that makes them able to project their
  voices over an orchestra. They do not use
  microphones!
• Opera began in Italy when a group of artists
  formed a group called the Florentine Camerata.
  Over the last few centuries, opera has evolved
  throughout the world. It is probably so popular
  and exciting because it is an art form that
  combines visual art (sets, costumes), drama (the
  story, acting), dance (sometimes even a full
  ballet) and music (the orchestra, the singing).
  Opera stories are based on myths, folktales,
  great works of literature, biblical stories,
  fantasy, and real-life stories. Operas are
  written in many languages the most popular are
  Italian, German and French. Operas are also
  written in English, Czech, Russian, and Mandarin
  Chinese.
• Singers who perform in operas have different
  voice types. For women, these types are Soprano
  (high), Mezzo-soprano (medium), and Contralto
  (low). For men, Tenor (high), Baritone (medium),
  and Bass (low) are the names of voice types.
• Opera is special because it takes so many people
  to make it work. All of these elements put
  together make opera a spectacle for your eyes AND
  ears. Now that you know what opera is, lets find
  out more about Così fan tutte!
• Adapted from SANDIEGO OPERA STUDY GUIDES
• http//www.sdopera.com

31
KEYS

• Il formatore mostra come gli studenti potrebbero
  svolgere lattività e discute con i corsisti
  delle modalità per ricercare lorigine delle
  parole in blu.
• Di seguitole keys alle domande 1-2-3-4

32

• WHAT IS OPERA?
• Opera is a story told through music. The music is
  accompanied by an orchestra. Opera singers have a
  special timbre (colour or quality) to their
  voices that makes them able to project their
  voices over an orchestra. They do not use
  microphones!
• Opera began in Italy when a group of artists
  formed a group called the Florentine Camerata.
  Over the last few centuries, opera has evolved
  throughout the world. It is probably so popular
  and exciting because it is an art form that
  combines visual art (sets, costumes), drama (the
  story, acting), dance (sometimes even a full
  ballet) and music (the orchestra, the singing).
  Opera stories are based on myths, folktales,
  great works of literature, biblical stories,
  fantasy, and real-life stories. Operas are
  written in many languages the most popular are
  Italian, German and French. Operas are also
  written in English, Czech, Russian, and Mandarin
  Chinese.
• Singers who perform in operas have different
  voice types. For women, these types are Soprano
  (high), Mezzo-soprano (medium), and Contralto
  (low). For men, Tenor (high), Baritone (medium),
  and Bass (low) are the names of voice types.
• Opera is special because it takes so many people
  to make it work. All of these elements put
  together make opera a spectacle for your eyes AND
  ears. Now that you know what opera is, lets find
  out more about Così fan tutte!
• Adapted from SANDIEGO OPERA STUDY GUIDES
• http//www.sdopera.com

33
PAROLE IN ITALIANO

• OPERA
• ORCHESTRA
• CAMERATA
• SOPARANO
• MEZZOSOPRANO
• CONTRALTO
• COSI FAN TUTTE
• SONO TUTTI TERMINI CHE APPARTENGONO AL CAMPO
  MUSICALE

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PAROLE CHE ASSOMIGLIANO ALLITALIANO

• MUSIC
• TIMBRE
• COLOUR
• QUALITY
• PROJECT
• ITALY
• ARTISTS
• POPULAR
• ART

• MUSICA
• TIMBRO
• COLORE
• QUALITA
• PROIETTARE
• ITALIA
• ARTISTI
• POPOLARE
• ARTE

35

• MUSIC, TIMBRE, BARITONE, TENOR
• SONO PAROLE IN BLU CHE CONDIVIDONO LE
  CARATTERISTICHE DI QUELLE
• IN ROSSO
• (appartengono cioè al campo semantico della
  musica)

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ACTIVITY 1 DISCUSSION

• Brainstorming e discussione sulle attività
  proposte e intorno a questi nodi
• WORD FORMATION e
• CAPACITA DI LETTURA
• VOCABULARY ACQUISITION CULTURAL STUDIES

37
MORE ACTIVITIES

• Il formatore mostra altri possibili stimoli per
  attività volte a sensibilizzare gli studenti sui
  fenomeni di prestito linguistico

38
RUBRIC

• LEGGI I SEGUENTI TITOLI DI ARTICOLI TRATTI
  DALLECONOMIST
• E DAL TIMES E SOTTOLINEA LE PAROLE CHE
  LITALIANO HA PRESTATO ALLINGLESE
• CERCA QUESTI TERMINI SUL DIZIONARIO MONOLINGUA
  INGLESE, ESISTE UNA TRADUZIONE POSSIBILE IN
  INGLESE?

39

• Italian Police Arrest Key Camorra Chief
• THE DEADLY CAMORRA Naples Sinks into Mafia
  Violence
• Italy and the Mafia Sicilian vespers
• A wave of arrests hits the Italian Mafia
• The Mafia in Naples Gangsters go global
• The Sicilian Mafia a state within the state.
• Lazio legend denies having links with Camorra

40
FOLLOW UP

• Il formatore sottolinea come questa stessa
  attività possa essere rivolta agli studenti della
  quarta ginnasio (fase accoglienza) facendo
  seguire ai titoli anche parte degli articoli
• Di seguito un breve esempio

41
The Sicilian Mafia a state within the state.
From The Economist (US)

• The mafia exists much like a separate state
  within Italy, and its deeply rooted influence
  will make the government crusade a formidable
  task. The new anti-mafia laws passed by the
  Parliament are strong beginning for uprooting the
  mafia.
• Italian magistrates and police have at last dealt
  the Mafia some hard blows. But this syndicate of
  men of dishonour is deep-rooted and far from
  beaten
• THE trouble with the Sicilian Mafia is that it is
  not like the movies. It is worse. Unlike the
  characters in "The Godfather", Sicily's real
  mafiosi are not just gangsters, even murderous
  gangsters, ...

42
Italy and the Mafia Sicilian vespersFrom The
Economist A wave of arrests hits the Italian
Mafia

• Lo Presti under arrestHE WAS found dead, hanging
  by his belt in Palermos Pagliarelli jail. The
  apparent suicide of a 52-year-old Sicilian,
  Gaetano Lo Presti, on December 16th put a grisly
  end to what investigators claimed was a drive by
  the Sicilian Mafia to give itself a new
  leadership. Mr Lo Presti was among 89 alleged
  mobsters detained in one of the biggest-ever
  police operations in Sicily. Around 1,200
  semi-militarised Carabinieri were deployed in
  raids there and (as an indication of Cosa
  Nostras long reach) in placid Tuscany. Only five
  of those wanted by the police eluded capture.
  Cosa Nostra is in evident crisis, exulted
  Italys chief anti-Mafia prosecutor, Piero
  Grasso. It cannot manage to reorganise itself.