Title: THE 4th ANNUAL GREEN VEHICLES WORKSHOP Driving toward 2020
1THE 4th ANNUAL GREEN VEHICLES WORKSHOPDriving
toward 2020
- Greenhouse Gases and the
- Inevitable Energy Revolution
- presented by
- George T. Stone
- Milwaukee Area Technical College
2- We are witnessing the dawn of
- an historic transition for humankind
3Energy Resource Revolutions
- First Energy Revolution
- humanity utilizes new solar energy (renewable)
for cooking, home heating, and security - (Homo erectus 1.6 to 2.0 million years ago in
East Africa) - Second Energy Revolution
- industrial and transportation revolutions
utilize old solar energy (fossil fuels) for
manufacturing and transportation - (nineteenth twentieth centuries)
4The Second Energy RevolutionThe Industrial
Revolution
-
- The Industrial Revolution occurred roughly
between 1760 and 1830. It began in Britain and
spread throughout the world. - During that time, an economy based on manual
labour was replaced by one dominated by industry
and the manufacture of machinery. - It began with the mechanization of the textile
industries, the development of iron-making
techniques, and increased use of coal.
5The Second Energy RevolutionThe Transportation
Revolution
- steamship (1807) coal/diesel
- steam locomotive (1820s) coal/diesel
- automobiles/model T (1908) petroleum - gasoline
- commercial aviation (1930s) petroleum gasoline
- jet fuel
61859
- Ground is broken for the Suez Canal
- Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species
by Natural Selection - Edwin Drake drills the first oil well in the
United States near Titusville, Pennsylvania - John Tyndall began experiments at the Royal
Institution documenting the heat absorbing
properties of water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone,
and other greenhouse gases - "every variation of this constituent water
vapor must produce a change in climate.
7Global warming science is not new!
- John Tyndalls experiments published in 1862 and
1863 demonstrated that gaseous CO2 and H2O absorb
infrared radiation. Tyndall concluded that
changes in the concentrations of these
atmospheric gases could transform Earths
climate. - In 1895, Svante Arrhenius calculated that
doubling C02 in the atmosphere would raise
Earths surface temperature 5 or 6o C. (In
1903, Arrhenius was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry.) - In 1938, engineer Guy Callendar concluded that
CO2 from the combustion of fossil fuels is
changing Earths climate.
8Drivers Ecologic forcings The Greenhouse Effect
9Greenhouse Gases
- The major natural greenhouse gases are water
vapor (H2O), which causes about 36-70 of the
greenhouse effect carbon dioxide (CO2), which
causes 9-26 methane (CH4), 4-9 and ozone
(O3), 3-7. - Most water vapor comes from ocean evaporation.
The graphic (courtesy abcnews.com) shows the
greenhouse gases that are increasing due to human
activity.
10Fossil C02 from human activityTime travel for
carbon and energy
- Combustion of methane (CH4) as an example
- CH4 2O2 ? CO2 2H2O
- Manufacture of portland cement
- CaCO3 ? CaO CO2
11Keeling curve of atmospheric CO2
12Global mean surface temperature anomalies(1880
2005)
132006-2007 winter warmest on record!(National
Climatic Data Center/Ashville, North Carolina/15
March, 2007)
- The combined land and ocean boreal winter
temperature (December-February) was the highest
since records began in 1880 (1.30F/0.72C above
the 2oth century mean). - The global December-February land-surface
temperature was the warmest on record while the
ocean-surface temperature tied for second warmest
in the 128-year period of record - During the past century, global surface
temperatures have increased at a rate near 0.11F
(0.06C) per decade, but the rate of increase has
been three times larger since 1976, or 0.32F
(0.18C) per decade, with some of the largest
temperature increases occurring in the high
latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere
14Eight Warmest Years Worldwide(since the 1890s)
- 1 2005
- 2 1998
- 3 2002
- 4 2003
- 5 2006
- 6 2004
- 7 2001
- 8 1997
- The 8 warmest years have occurred since 1996!
- 20 of 21 warmest years have occurred since 1980!!
- (National Climatic Data Center, 2006)
15The greatest achievement of humankind
- This is the greatest achievement of humankind
global warming. We have changed the composition
of a planets atmosphere! - -- Jeremy Rifkin (1989)
- President, Foundation on Economic Trends
16The Third Energy Revolution has begun!Return to
new (renewable) solar energy(twenty-first
century)
17Drivers of The Third Energy RevolutionThe
transition has already begun
- Economic forcings that impact
- supply and demand
- - geopolitical instability and
- production uncertainty
- Ecologic forcings
- - pollution, habitat destruction, and
- GLOBAL WARMING IMPACTS
18Drivers Economic forcings Supply and
demand/Geopolitics(NYMEX New York Mercantile
Exchange)
19Drivers Economic forcingsSupply and
demand/Production peaks(APSO Association for
the Study of Peak Oil Gas)
20World energy consumption pattern
World Energy Consumption between 1800 - 1990
World Primary Energy Consumption since 1970,
projected to 2025
21CO2 emissions accelerating(graphic courtesy of
BusinessWeek online 8-16-04)
22Increase in CO2 emissions accelerating(Global
Carbon Project report/Australia CSIRO/November
27, 2006)
- 7.9 billion metric tons of carbon were emitted as
CO2 in 2005, and the rate of increase is
accelerating - Land and oceans might take up less CO2 in the
future than they have in the past, which would
increase the rate of climate change caused by
emissions warns Dr. Mike Raupach, co-Chair of
the Global Carbon Project. - Atmospheric CO2 grew by two ppm in 2005, the
fourth year in a row of above-average growth.
Unprecedented notes Dr. Paul Fraser of CSIRO. - Fossil fuels are having an impact on greenhouse
gas concentrations in a way we havent seen in
the past. -
-
- (CSIRO Reference 06/243)
-
- Australian Bureau of Meteorology's Baseline Air
Pollution Station at - Cape Grim, northwest Tasmania
23U.S. Projects 19 Percent Emissions Rise(U. S.
Draft Report for UNFCCC/Associated Press/March 3,
2007)
- The draft report, which is still being completed,
projects that the current administration's
climate policy would result in the emission of
9.2 billion tons of greenhouse gases in 2020, a
19 percent increase from 7.7 billion tons in
2000. - The administration's internal draft covers
inventories of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases, projected environmental
consequences and policies to limit emiussions and
risk. - The White House Council on Environmental Quality
has been coordinating the report, which was due
Jan. 1, 2006. It is required under the U.N.
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). - http//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/03/ap/tech
/main2533802.shtml
24EPICA Ice cores from Dome Concordia archive
composition of atmosphere for 650,000
years(Science/November 25, 2005)
25EPICA Ice cores from Dome ConcordiaCH4, ice, and
C02 for last 650,000 years
- "We find that CO2 is about 30 higher than at
any time, and methane 130 higher than at any
time and the rates of increase are absolutely
exceptional for CO2, 200 times faster than at
any time in the last 650,000 years," notes EPICA
project leader Thomas Stocker of the University
of Bern, Switzerland.
26Climate Change vs. Global Warming
- Climate change has occurred throughout geologic
time in response to forcings other than human
activities. - Global Warming is anthropogenic
- a result of human activities.
27Measured current impacts of global warming
- Impacts on the atmosphere
- Impacts on the hydrosphere
- Impacts on the cryosphere
- Impacts on the geosphere
- Impacts on the biosphere
- Impacts on the anthroposphere
28Global warming impacts on the atmosphere
- Increasing air temperatures
- Migration of climate zones
- Impacts on the upper atmosphere
- More extreme weather events
- heat waves droughts
- intensified storms floods
29Global surface temperature anomalies
1880-2005(Hansen et al., Proceedings NAS,
September 26, 2006)
30 Migrating midwest climate zones Report of
Union of Concerned Scientists Ecological
Society of America (updated 2005)by Donald
Wuebbles (University of Illinois) and Dr. George
Kling (University of Michigan)
31More extreme weather events(NCAR UCAR/October
19, 2006)
- Much of the world will face an enhanced risk of
heat waves, intense precipitation, and other
weather extremes, conclude scientists from the
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR),
Texas Tech University, and Australia's Bureau of
Meteorology Research Centre. (Climate Change
/December, 2006) - "It's the extremes, not the averages, that cause
the most damage to society and to many
ecosystems," says NCAR scientist Claudia Tebaldi,
lead author for the report. "We now have the
first model-based consensus on how the risk of
dangerous heat waves, intense rains, and other
kinds of extreme weather will change in the next
century. - (UCAR photo by Carlye Calvin)
322003 heat wave kills 30,000 in Europe(Science
News, vol. 166, no. 1, July 3, 2004
-
- Average temperatures in the summer of 2003
approached 5 degrees C above normal in some
places. A lengthy heat wave killed an estimated
30,000 Europeans - (NOAA/National Climatic Data Center)
- Much of Europe experienced an extended period of
unusually hot, dry weather - Switzerland saw its hottest June in 250 years,
with the average temperatures in Basel hovering
at 29.5 degrees C (85 degrees F), about 5.9
degrees C above normal - Temperatures in France soared to 40 degrees C
(104 degree sF) and remained high for weeks - Europe's 2003 heat wave claimed more than 30,000
lives, making it the continent's largest natural
disaster in 50 years
33Global warming impacts on the hydrosphere
- Impacts on sea surface temperatures (SST)
- Impacts on ocean acidity (pH)
- Impacts on sea level
- Impacts on ocean circulation
- Impacts on tropical storms
- Impacts on rainfall and floods
- Impacts on lakes
34Global surface temperatures (1880 2005)
35SST range for 1.35 million years(Hansen et al.,
Proceedings NAS, September 26, 2006)
36Fossil carbon acidifying oceans Threat to
marine life(National Center for Atmospheric
Research/July 5, 2006)
- Emissions of CO2 from fossil fuels are altering
ocean chemistry and threatening marine organisms,
including coral reef ecosystems - "This is leading to the most dramatic changes in
marine chemistry in at least the past 650,000
years," says Richard Feely, NOAA oceanographer. - Increased acidity lowers the concentration of
carbonate ion, a building block that many marine
organisms use to grow skeletons and create coral
reef structures - This threat is hitting coral reefs as they are
also being hit by warming-induced mass bleaching
events
37Impacts on ocean circulation
38Intensification of Tropical Storms(National
Center for Atmospheric Research/June 22, 2006)
- Global warming accounted for about half of extra
hurricane-fueling warmth in the waters of the
tropical North Atlantic in 2005, while natural
cycles were only a minor factor - The global warming influence provides a new
background level that increases the risk of
future enhancements in hurricane activity. - Tropical Atlantic sea-surface temperatures were a
record 1.7 degrees F above the 1901-1970 average
for much of the 2005 hurricane season
39Floods
- Worldwide, the number of major flood disasters
has grown significantly, from 6 cases in the
1950s to 26 in the 1990s
- From 1971 to 1995, floods affected more than 1
500 million people worldwide
- In the most calamitous storm surge, a flood in
Bangladesh in April 1991 killed at least 138 000
people and left 10 million homeless
Sources UN-ISDR 2004 DFO 2004 Wikipedia 2006
40New England worst floods in 70 years(Associated
Press/May 16, 2006)
41Lake Superior warming (University of
Minnesota-Duluth/Large Lakes Observatory/February
26, 2007)
- Water temperatures are rising almost twice as
fast as air temperatures - more than 4 degrees
for the average surface temperature. - The date of what we call the spring overturn has
been getting earlier in the year. In two
decades, the spring turnover has moved up two
weeks from early July to mid-June. - In another 35 to 40 years Lake Superior will have
very little ice cover. - (research accepted for publication by the
American Geophysical Union)
42Global warming impacts on the cryosphere
- Impacts on Arctic sea ice
- Impacts on Greenland
- Impacts on permafrost tundra
- Impacts on Antarctica
- Impacts on mountain glaciers
43Dramatic changes in Artic Sea Ice
1979-2003 Progressive Loss of Arctic Ice
Imagine an ice-free Arctic
44Greenland melt zone 1979-2002(Arctic Climate
Impact Assessment, 2004)
45Greenland's ice cap is melting much faster than
expected!(NASA Mission News/March 23, 2007)
- New data from the NASA/German Aerospace Center's
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (Grace)
reveal that Greenland lost 150 to 250 cubic
kilometers (36 to 60 cubic miles) of ice per year
from 2002 to 2006 - Launched in March 2002, twin Grace satellites use
gravity to map changes in ice mass and cover the
entire Greenland ice sheet every month - While snow added 60 cubic kilometers of ice mass
to Greenland's interior each year between 2003
and 2005, low-lying coastal areas lost nearly
three times as much ice annually - "These ice sheets are changing much faster than
we were expecting.
46(No Transcript)
47Global warming impacts on permafrost
tundraWestern Siberia thawing for the first time
in 11,000 years(New Scientist/August 11, 2005)
- An area stretching for a million square
kilometers across the permafrost of western
Siberia is turning into a mass of shallow lakes
as the ground melts. - The sudden melting of a bog the size of France
and Germany could unleash billions of tons of
methane, a potent greenhouse gas. - Sergei Kirpotin of Tomsk State University
describes an "ecological landslide that is
probably irreversible and is undoubtedly
connected to climatic warming. - Western Siberia has warmed some 3 C in the last
40 years.
48West Antarctic Ice Sheet Waking the Sleeping
Giant? (British Antarctic Survey/February 19,
2006)
- Parts of the Antarctic ice sheet that rest on
bedrock below sea level have begun to discharge
ice fast enough to make a significant
contribution to sea level rise. Only five years
ago, Antarctica was characterised as a slumbering
giant in terms of climate change. I would argue
that this is now an awakened giant and we should
take notice. -
- -- Professor Chris Rapley, Director, British
Antarctic Survey -
- NOTE 87 of the 244 marine glaciers on the
Antarctic Peninsula have retreated over the last
50 years
49NASA Mission Detects Significant Antarctic Ice
Mass Loss (University of Colorado/March 2,
2006)
- (photo courtesy British Antarctic Survey)
- Isabella Velicogna and John Wahr of the
University of Colorado (Boulder) demonstrated for
the first time that Antarctica's ice sheet lost a
significant amount of mass since the launch of
GRACE Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
in 2002. - RELEASE 06-085
50All 37 glaciers in GNP have receded
dramatically(U. S. Geological Survey/April 18,
2003)Grinnell Glacier has shrunk 63 and
receded 1.1 km 1938
1981
51Upsala Glacier/Argentine Andesin 1928 and 2004
(photos courtesy of GREENPEACE)
52Impacts on the biosphereGlobal warming threatens
millions of species(Nature/January 8, 2004)
- Global warming may drive a quarter of land
animals and plants to the edge of extinction by
2050, a major international study warns - In the worst case scenario, between a third to a
half of land animal and plant species will face
extermination -
- The predictions come from extinction models based
on over 1100 species covering a fifth of the
Earth's land mass - According to principal researcher, the best case
scenario with the minimum expected climate change
and all of the species moving into new areas
means we end up with nine per cent facing
extinction - This would mean about one million species would
be doomed, assuming there are 10 million species
in existence - The broad conclusions are very solid, and very
sound, and very alarming, says Stuart Pimm, an
expert in extinctions and biodiversity at Duke
University. It's a hugely important paper.
53Melting sea ice stresses polar bears(Integrative
and Comparative Biology/April, 2004)
- Polar bears cannot survive without sea ice and,
in all likelihood, summer sea ice will be gone
from the north polar basin within the next few
decades (Center for Biological Diversity
6/15/06) - Given the rapid pace of ecological change in the
Arctic, the long generation time and highly
specialized nature of polar bears, it is unlikely
that polar bears will survive as a species if the
sea ice disappears
54Walrus Calves Stranded by Melting Sea Ice(Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution/April 13, 2006)
- Scientists reported an unprecedented number of
unaccompanied walrus calves in the Arctic Ocean,
where melting sea ice may be forcing mothers to
abandon their pups - Unable to forage for themselves, the calves were
likely to drown or starve - Lone walrus calves far from shore have not been
described before, the researchers report in the
April issue of Aquatic Mammals. The sightings
suggest that increased polar warming may lead to
decreases in the walrus population. - (walrus bull photo courtesy of NOAA
- walrus pup photo by Carin Ashjian/ WHOI)
55Penguin decline due to global warming (John C.
Topping, Jr., President/Climate Institute/2005)
- Evidence is accumulating that the Emperor Penguin
may already be declining due to climate change.
Its population has reportedly been halved over
the last 50 years - Note emperor penguins have dropped from 300
breeding pairs to just nine in the western
Antarctic Peninsula - (photo at left by Sharon Chester)
- Some of these declines have been dramatic with
the Blackfooted Penguin population falling from
about 575,000 in the early 1900s to about 178,000
in the late 1990s - Climate change may already have produced large
reductions in populations of the Rockhopper
Penguins. The number breeding on one island
reportedly dropped from about 1.4 million in the
1940s to about 100,000 today -
- Climate Change may be the leading explanation for
an apparent halving of the Galapagos Penguin
population since the early 1970s - (photo at left by John H. Tashjian/California
Academy of Sciences)
56Bleaching of The Great Barrier ReefHealthy coral
reef habitat(photo courtesy of NASA/ReefHQ)
57Bleaching of The Great Barrier Reef Hot water
causes coral to expel symbiotic algae Coral
turns white (bleaches) eventually dies
(Photos by Ove Hoegh-Guldberg)
58Global warming impacts on the anthroposphere
- Impacts on communities and ecosystems
- Impacts on water and agriculture
- Impacts on disease and health
59Global warming imperils world food
supply(Consultatative Group on International
Agricultural Research December 5, 2006)
- hotter, drier weather will result in shorter
growing seasons and smaller crop yields across
much of the developing world, challenging the
livelihoods of billions of people - projected temperature increases and shifts in
rainfall patterns are likely to decrease growing
periods in sub-Saharan Africa by more than 20
percent, with some of the worlds poorest nations
in East and Central Africa at greatest risk - warming will slash wheat production in Indias
breadbasket. Production will drop 50 percent by
2050 - a decrease that could put as many as 200
million people at greater risk of hunger - "Developing countries, which are already home to
most of the world's poor and malnourished people
and have contributed relatively little to the
causes of global warming, are going to bear the
brunt of climate change and suffer most from its
negative consequences," said Louis Verchot, a
climate change scientist with the World
Agroforestry Centre
60Global warming impacts on human health(World
Health Organization and UW-Madison/November 16,
2005)
- global warming now leads to at least 5 million
cases of illness and more than 150,000 deaths
every year - temperature fluctuations sway human health in a
surprising number of ways from influencing the
spread of infectious diseases to boosting the
likelihood of illness-inducing heat waves and
floods -
- Those least able to cope and least responsible
for the greenhouse gases that cause global
warming are most affected, says lead
authorJonathan Patz, a professor at UW-Madison's
Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental
Studies. "Herein lies an enormous global ethical
challenge.
61Potential catastrophic impacts of global warming
- Slowdown and cessation of thermohaline
circulation causing regional cooling and
interocean disequilibrium - Rapid melting and collapse of Greenland glaciers
causing worldwide rise of sea level - Continued breakup of Antarctic ice shelf allowing
acceleration of glacier outflow and rise of sea
level - Collapse of West Antarctic ice sheet with
catastrophic worldwide rise of sea level - Abrupt climate change world wide ( 10oF) causing
accute water and food shortages and extreme
geopolitical instability
62we have a very brief window of opportunity Dr.
James Hansen, Director, NASA Goddard Institute
for Space Studies
- I think we have a very brief window of
opportunity to deal with climate change . . . no
longer than a decade, at the most," Hansen said
September 13, 2006, at the Climate Change
Research Conference in Sacramento. -
- If the world continues with a "business as
usual" scenario, Hansen said temperatures will
rise by 2 to 3 degrees Celsius (3.6 to 7.2
degrees F) and "we will be producing a different
planet".
63Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate
Change (pre-publication edition issued October
30, 2006)
- Summary of conclusions
- The scientific evidence is now overwhelming
climate change is a serious global threat, and it
demands an urgent global response. - Climate change will affect the basic elements of
life for people around the world access to
water, food production, health, and the
environment. Hundreds of millions of people
could suffer hunger, water shortages and coastal
flooding as the world warms. - There is still time to avoid the worst impacts of
climate change if wee take strong action now. -
- (The Review, commissioned by the UK Chancellor
of the Exchequer in July, 2005, was carried out
by Sir Nicholas Stern, Head of the UK Economic
Service and former World Bank Chief Economist.)
64What can we do?Emission reduction!
- (1) Change our mindset, our priorities,
- and our lifestyle in order to . . .
- (2) BRING DOWN CO2 CH4 and N2O !!!
65Clean Energy TransitionThe Third Energy
Revolution
- Stop time travel plug the worm hole
- transition away from fossil carbon!
- Energy Conservation
- Energy Efficiency
- Renewables
- Nuclear Fission ?
- Nuclear Fusion ??
66Emission Reduction Action
- International Kyoto and beyond
- National 170 Nations Sign
- Accord or Protocol
- Regional Northeast States Provinces
- Southwestern States
- State California, New York
- Local County, Municipal
67European Union (EU) leaders agree to increase
action against global warming(Brussels,
Belgium/March 9, 2007)
- in a two-day summit in Brussels, leaders of the
27-nation European Union (EU) agreed to a number
of actions designed to reduce carbon emissions
and encourage renewable energy - the EU committed itself to reducing carbon
emission by 20 percent by 2020 and increase
renewable energy to 20 percent of all EU energy
by 2020
68Schwarzenegger Signs Global Warming Solutions
Act to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
- I say the debate is over. We know the science
we know the time for action is now. Global
warming, pollution and the burning of fossil
fuels that caused it are threats we see here in
California and everywhere around the world. -
-
-
-
- On September 27, 2006, Governor Arnold
Schwarzenegger signed AB 32. "Using market-based
incentives, we will reduce carbon emissions to
1990 levels by the year 2020. That's a 25 percent
reduction. And by 2050, we will reduce emissions
to 80 percent below 1990 levels. We simply must
do everything in our power to slow down global
warming before its too late.
69Five western states take regional action(Copley
News Service/February 27, 207)
- The agreement calls for Arizona, California, New
Mexico, Oregon and Washington to develop a
regional target for reducing greenhouse gases
within the next six months. A new California law
requires the state to gradually roll back carbon
dioxide emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, a 25
percent reduction. - The multistate pact sets in motion plans to
create a regional market-based approach, most
likely using a common tool called cap-and-trade.
Industries unable to contain emissions could buy
the right to pollute more from those companies
that significantly reduce pollution.
70Legislation introduced in Wisconsin Assembly and
Senate to mitigate global warming(The Badger
Herald/February 26, 2007)
- State Rep. Spencer Black, D-Madison, and state
Sen. Mark Miller, D-Monona, announced a major
legislative initiative to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020. - Today, we announced the introduction legislation
to combat global warming the solution is
similar to a California law signed by Gov.
Schwarzenegger, Black said. The bill is almost
identical to the California law. - The bill takes a flexible approach, allowing
market-based action, Black said. It suggests
conservation of energy, use of bio-fuels, new
pollution controls and that all major sources of
carbon dioxide be monitored and then have
enforceable standards.
71Municipal ActionU.S. Mayors Climate Protection
Agreement
- On June 13, 2005, the Mayors Climate Protection
Agreement was passed unanimously by the U.S.
Conference of Mayors. - To date, 435 mayors from 50 states and the
District of Columbia have signed on to the U.S.
Mayors Climate Protection Agreement initiated by
Mayor Greg Nickels, meaning cities where more
than 61 million Americans live are to committed
meet the Kyoto target.
72US companies call for global warming action(U.
S. Climate Action Partnership/ January 22, 2007)
- Members of USCAP
- AlcoaBP America, Inc.Caterpillar, Inc.Duke
EnergyDuPontEnvironmental DefenseFlorida Power
LightGeneral ElectricLehman BrothersNatural
Resources Defense CouncilPew Center on Global
Climate ChangePGE CorporationPNM
ResourcesWorld Resources Institute
- On January 22, 2007, the U. S. Climate Action
Partnership (USCAP) released a landmark series of
principles and recommendations calling for the
federal government to quickly enact strong
national legislation to achieve significant
reductions of greenhouse gas emissions. - The USCAP is an alliance of leading
non-governmental organizations and major
corporations that have come together to call for
mandatory action.
73- We are witnessing the dawn of
- an historic transition for humankind
74historic transition in . . .
- . . . energy policy, economies, and lifestyles
- but prerequisite to these essential changes is a
transition in the paradigm of unlimited growth! - For our finite resources of our planet do limit
growth. . . This is the ultimate inconvenient
truth!
75The Third Energy Revolution has begun!
76- (AP photo courtesy of Dan Crosbie/Canadian Ice
Service) - Thanks for your attention!!