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9. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

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CALCULATE CAPACITY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS & EVALUATE TRANSMISSION MEDIA ... TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per Second (bps); Baud ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: 9. TELECOMMUNICATIONS


1
9. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS
9.1
2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
  • DESCRIBE COMPONENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
  • CALCULATE CAPACITY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
    EVALUATE TRANSMISSION MEDIA
  • COMPARE TYPES OF NETWORKS

9.2
3
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • COMMUNICATING INFORMATION
  • VIA ELECTRONIC MEANS
  • OVER SOME DISTANCE

9.5
4
INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
  • NATIONAL / WORLDWIDE
  • HIGH SPEED
  • DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • ACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLIC

9.6
5
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
  • COMPUTERS
  • TERMINALS (Input / Output Devices)
  • COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
  • PROCESSORS (Modems Multiplexers Front-end
    Processors)
  • COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE

9.7
6
PROTOCOL
  • RULES PROCEDURES
  • TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION
  • BETWEEN COMPONENTS
  • IN A NETWORK
  • (ALLOWS COMPONENTS
  • IN A NETWORK TO TALK
  • TO EACH OTHER)

9.8
7
ANALOG SIGNAL
  • A CONTINUOUS WAVEFORM THAT PASSES THROUGH A
    COMMUNICATIONS MEDIUM USED FOR VOICE
    COMMUNICATIONS

9.9
8
DIGITAL SIGNAL
  • DISCRETE WAVEFORM
  • TWO DISCRETE STATES
  • 1-BIT 0-BIT
  • ON / OFF PULSE
  • DATA COMMUNICATION
  • USES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG TO DIGITAL,
    DIGITAL TO ANALOG

00101110100111010010101011101111001000100001011110
10110
9.10
9
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
  • MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE TRANSMITTED
  • TWISTED WIRES (Copper Wires)
  • COAXIAL CABLE (Insulated Copper Wires)
  • FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
  • WIRELESS

9.11
10
FIBER OPTICS
  • SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS
  • FAST, LIGHT, DURABLE
  • UP TO TEN BILLION BITS PER SECOND, FULL DUPLEX
  • EXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALL
  • OFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF NETWORKS (MAJOR
    TRAFFIC)

9.12
11
LOW-ORBIT SATELLITE
MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION
UPLINK
DOWNLINK
9.13
12
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES
  • PAGING SYSTEM Small pager beeps when receives
    short message
  • CELLULAR TELEPHONE Device uses radio waves to
    reach antennas within areas called cells
  • MOBILE DATA NETWORKS Radio - based data network
    using hand-held computers. cheap, efficient

9.14
13
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES
  • PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE Cellular lower
    power higher frequency. Smaller phones not
    shielded by buildings, tunnels
  • PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT Pen sized, hand-held,
    digital communicator
  • SMART PHONE Wireless, voice, text, Internet

9.15
14
COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
  • TRANSMISSION SPEED Bits per Second (bps) Baud
  • BANDWIDTH Capacity of Channel Difference
    between Highest Lowest Frequencies

9.16
15
SPEEDS COST OF MEDIA
9.17
16
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
STAR
9.19
17
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
BUS
9.20
18
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
RING
9.21
19
LOCAL NETWORKS
  • PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX) special-purpose
    computer designed for handling and switching
    office telephone calls at a company site
  • LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) dedicated channels
    limited distance (less than 2000 foot radius)
    higher capacity than PBX. Can share expensive
    hardware software

9.22
20
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
  • SERVER stores programs, data determines access
    to network
  • GATEWAY connection to other dissimilar networks
  • ROUTER route data through several connected LANs
    or to a WAN
  • NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS) manages file
    server routes communications on network
  • PEER - TO - PEER in some small networks all
    computers have equal power

9.23
21
ELEMENTS OF A BASIC LAN
  • SERVER
  • CABLING
  • NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS (NICs)
  • SOFTWARE (network operating system) FOR CLIENTS,
    SERVERS OR PEERS

9.23
22
WIDE - AREA NETWORK (WAN)
  • NETWORK SPANS LARGE GEOGRAPHIC DISTANCES
  • CAN INCLUDE CABLE, SATELLITE, MICROWAVE
  • SWITCHED LINES Route Determined by Current
    Traffic
  • DEDICATED LINES Constantly Available for
    High-Volume Traffic (typically a flat rate is
    paid for total access to the line)

9.24
23
ENTERPRISE NETWORKING
  • ORGANIZATIONS HARDWARE, SOFTWARE,
    TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND DATA RESOURCES ARE
    ARRANGED TO PUT MORE COMPUTING POWER ON THE
    DESKTOP AND TO CREATE A COMPANYWIDE NETWORK
    LINKING MANY SMALLER NETWORKS

9.31
24
INTERNETWORKING
  • LINKING OF SEPARATE NETWORKS, EACH OF WHICH
    RETAINS ITS OWN IDENTITY, INTO AN INTERCONNECTED
    NETWORK

9.32
25
CONNECTIVITY
  • MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS
    SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION
  • OPEN SYSTEMS Software Able to Function on
    Different Computer Platforms. Nonproprietary
    Operating Systems, Applications, Protocols (e.g.
    Java)

9.33
26
PROBLEMS POSED BY ENTERPRISE NETWORKING
  • CONNECTIVITY
  • LOSS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL
  • ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE REQUIREMENTS
  • HIDDEN COSTS OF CLIENT/SERVER COMPUTING
  • NETWORK RELIABILITY SECURITY

9.40
27
COSTS OF CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS
  • OPERATIONS SUPPORT
  • APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
  • HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
  • EDUCATION TRAINING

9.41
28
SOME SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
  • Managing the change
  • Education and training
  • Data administration disciplines (accurateness,
    data available only to authorized users and
    properly backed up)
  • Planning for connectivity

9.41
29
9. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS
9.45
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