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An interdependent system of countries linked by economic and political competition

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Hegemony. Domination over a region or the world. Not just political or ... Sudden shifts in economic hegemony, political power. Sudden technological innovations ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: An interdependent system of countries linked by economic and political competition


1
An interdependent system of countries linked by
economic and political competition
World-System
2
World-system processes
  • CORE
  • Industrialized capitalist countries or regions.
  • PERIPHERY
  • Exploited countries and regions (poor)
  • SEMI-PERIPHERY
  • Countries or regions with mixed processes.
  • Both exploited and exploiters.

3
Results of World-System
  • The growth and strength of the Core is made
    possible by the exploitation of the rest of the
    world.
  • The poverty in the Periphery is made possible
    by the exploitation by the rest of the world.
  • Recent globalization has widened, not narrowed,
    the gap between Core and Periphery countries.

4
Globalization is nothing new(Flows of goods,
capital, information)
5
World-System History
  • European colonialism/ slave trade, 1500s-1800s
  • Industrial Revolution/ wage labor, 1800s/ early
    1900s
  • World War II/ Cold War/ decolonization, mid-1900s
  • Neocolonialism/ multinational corporations, late
    1900s

6
Why Europe?
  • Early technical innovations
  • Armor, gunnery from
  • wars among many small states
  • Shipbuilding and navigation
  • Evangelical zeal
  • Crusades in Middle East
  • Missionaries in Americas
  • Law of Diminishing Returns
  • Drive for gold/ money reached
  • limits at home
  • Land divided by inheritance

7
Wars among small states
8
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9
Elements of a map
10
Hegemony
  • Domination over a region or the world
  • Not just political or military control
  • Most pervasive is economic and cultural control

11
Leadership cycles (competitive struggles)
  • Netherlands and Portugal, 1400s-1500s
  • Spain and Portugal, 1500s-1600s
  • England and France, 1600s-early 1900s
  • Germany and Japan, 1937-45
  • United States and Soviet Union, 1945-1980s
  • United States and ?
  • 1990s-2000s
  • European Union and
  • East Asian bloc, 2010s ?

12
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13
Industrial Revolution
  • Early-1800s
  • Britain (Hearth) --from slave cotton
  • Textiles, steam power, iron, canals
  • Mid-1800s
  • Diffusion to Germany, France, Belgium
  • Steel, railroads, steamships, telegraph
  • Late-1800s/ early-1900s
  • Spread to much of Europe, US, Japan
  • Electricity, oil, engines, roads, radio

14
International Division of Labor
  • Core (colonial powers) need resources, labor
  • Periphery (colonies) has labor, resources
  • Colonies had comparative advantages in natural
    resources
  • The Core underdeveloped the Periphery, which
    was not poor of its own accord

15
Imperialism, 1914
  • Britain
  • France
  • Spain
  • Portugal
  • Netherlands
  • Germany
  • Russia
  • U.S.
  • Japan
  • Italy

16
Geography Implicated
  • Ethnocentrism and racism
  • Imperialism and colonialism
  • Environmental determinism

17
Imperialism Formal Colonialism
  • Colonies under direct control
  • Core controls labor, resources, land
  • Often indirect political rule through local
    leaders

18
Imperialism Spheres of Influence
  • Core dominated, but
  • not controlled,
  • trade and resources

British opium war in China
19
World War II Begins contemporary globalization
  • Sudden shifts in economic hegemony, political
    power
  • Sudden technological innovations
  • Sudden growth of transportation,
  • communications networks

20
Late 1940s U.S. dominant
Nagasaki
  • Sole possession of atomic bomb to 1949
  • War destroyed industries of Europe, Russia and
    Japan
  • U.S. finances reconstruction

Frankfurt
21
Anti-colonial revolts
  • Colonial flags come down
  • Asia, 1940s-1950s, Africa 1960s-1970s
  • Neocolonialism continues
  • Ex-colonial powers still dominate economies,
    resources, cultures

22
Cold War, 1949-1989
  • US-USSR hot wars fought in Periphery
  • Periphery states competed for aid
  • Arms race depleted global social resources

23
Multinational corporations
  • Investments, activities transcend borders
  • Subsidiaries in many Periphery/S-P countries
  • Core domination, centralization outside state
    structure

Cartoon on Standard Oil, 1904
24
World divisions, late 20th century
  • First World - Industrialized capitalist
    countries of Western Europe, North America.
  • Second World - Centrally-planned socialist
    countries such as former Soviet Union.
  • Third World - Ex-colonial nations such as
  • India, Malaysia, Iran, Brazil, etc.
  • Fourth World - Poorest nations (and indigenous
    communities)

25
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26
North/South Divisions
  • Poor countries tend to be located in Southern
    Hemisphere.
  • World Bank estimates more than 1.3 billion people
    (1/5 world population) live in acute poverty of lt
    1 (U.S.) per day.
  • 70 women and children
  • Self-Sustaining

27
Regions of the World Village
  • In a world village of 1,000
  • 333 East Asians
  • 274 South Asians
  • 132 Africans
  • 120 Europeans
  • 86 Latin Americans
  • 50 North Americans
  • 5 from Oceania

28
Household income
  • Average annual income 4,890
  • 600 poor
  • 300 marginal
  • 100 well-off

29
Ownership/consumption
  • 200 richest villagers own and consume
  • 80 of goods
  • Other villagers own and consume remaining 20

30
Material World A Global Family Portrait
Iceland
Guatemala
Japan
31
Philadelphia Infant Mortality
  • Red area high than
  • at least 28 Third
  • World countries,
  • including
  • Jamaica
  • Cuba
  • Costa Rica
  • Malaysia
  • Panama
  • Sri Lanka
  • South Korea
  • Taiwan
  • Uruguay
  • Argentina
  • Chile

32
The Core
  • Industrialized capitalist countries, led by
    former colonial powers
  • Centers of trade, technology, productivity.
  • Examples Western Europe, North America, Japan,
    Australia
  • Exploit the Periphery and Semi-periphery.

33
The Periphery
  • Poor, ex-colonial nations.
  • Tend to export resources and labor.
  • Examples Kenya, Bolivia, Pakistan, etc.
  • Exploited by Core and by Semi-periphery

34
The Semi-periphery
  • Partially industrialized ex-colonial countries.
  • Both exporters and importers of goods.
  • Examples South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, Taiwan,
    South Korea, etc. (parts of India, China?)
  • Exploited by Core, but also exploit Periphery.

35
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36
New International Division of Labor
  • Industrial growth of Europe and Japan
  • Internationalization of economic networks
  • New global consumer markets
  • New global technologies

37
Industrial growth of Europe, Japan
  • European economic bloc
  • Expanding to east, will it include western
    Russia?
  • Japan, other East Asian states
  • Four Tigers (Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong
    Kong)
  • China as possible partner in new economic bloc?
  • Relative decline of U.S. in Tripolar Economy

38
Internationalization of economics
  • TRADE
  • Free trade agreements
  • Standards race to bottom
  • FINANCES
  • 24/7 stock markets
  • Mobile investments
  • PRODUCTION
  • Overseas sweatshops
  • Core automating, losing industrial jobs

39
New consumer markets
  • World products
  • Core luxury goods
  • Media diffusion
  • CNN, MTV, Hollywood
  • Semi-periphery consumers
  • Four Tigers, Oil states

40
New technological innovations
  • Microelectronics
  • Personal computers
  • Internet
  • Satellites
  • Aircraft
  • Robotics (automation)
  • Biotechnology
  • Container ships/rail

41
Digital Divide
  • Unequal access to telecommunications and
    information technology
  • 80 of websites in North America
  • 20 of population has 74 of phone lines

42
Fast vs. Slow worlds
  • Fast (20) has access to telecommunications,
    consumer goods, arts entertainment.
  • Slow (80) has limited access, more resentment
    of elites.
  • Search for sense of place in both areas to
    lessen alientation.
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