Colors of the Mountain

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Colors of the Mountain

• http//afe.easia.columbia.edu/

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• In October 1949, Mao Tse-tung declares the
  establishment of the People's Republic of China
  and proclaims that "the Chinese people have stood
  up" after 100 years of subjugation by foreign
  powers on China's soil.

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• Mao and his particular vision of communism in
  China dominate from 1949 until his death in 1976.
  The Maoist period is characterized by mass
  mobilization and the prominence of ideology. The
  Great Leap Forward of 1956-58 and the Cultural
  Revolution of 1966-76 are Maoist campaigns
  designed, in the first instance, to bring China
  up to the level of the developed nations by an
  economic "great leap" and, in the second
  instance, to rid Chinese culture of impediments
  to the communist society Mao envisions. The Great
  Leap Forward results in an estimated 30,000
  deaths from famine the Cultural Revolution pits
  Chinese against Chinese in brutal persecution.

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• Moreover, during the Great Leap Forward between
  1958 and 1961, China experienced a tragic famine
  that led to as many as 20,000,000 deaths due to a
  breakdown in agricultural production and
  resulting food shortages. During this period,
  some spoke up for a population policy based upon
  an assessment of the country's need but the full
  state backing for a family planning program was
  yet to unfold. 

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The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60

• The Great Leap Forward centered on individual
  communes which were placed in control of all the
  means of production. Each commune was planned as
  a self-supporting community for agriculture,
  small-scale local industry, schooling, marketing,
  administration, and local. Organized along
  paramilitary and labor-saving lines, the commune
  had communal kitchens, mess halls, and nurseries.
  In a way, the people's communes constituted a
  fundamental attack on the institution of the
  family. The system also was based on the
  assumption that it would release additional
  manpower for such major projects as irrigation
  works and hydroelectric dams, which were seen as
  integral parts of the plan for the simultaneous
  development of industry and agriculture

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The Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76

• . The drafting of intellectuals for manual labor
  was part of the party's rectification campaign,
  publicized through the mass media as an effort to
  remove "bourgeois" influences from professional
  workers-- particularly, their tendency to have
  greater regard for their own specialized fields
  than for the goals of the party.

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• The redistribution of land was accelerated, and
  against landlords and wealthy peasants was
  launched. An ideological reform campaign
  requiring self-criticisms and public confessions
  by university faculty members, scientists, and
  other professional workers was given wide
  publicity. In the course of this campaign the
  party claimed to have uncovered a well-organized
  attempt by businessmen and industrialists to
  corrupt party and government officials. This
  charge was enlarged into an assault on the
  bourgeoisie as a whole. The number of people
  affected by the various punitive or reform
  campaigns was estimated in the millions.

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• Maoists also turned to middle-school students for
  political demonstrations on their behalf. These
  students, joined also by some university
  students, came to be known as the Red Guards.
  Millions of Red Guards were encouraged by the
  Cultural Revolution group to become a "shock
  force" and to "bombard" with criticism both the
  regular party headquarters in Beijing and those
  at the regional and provincial levels.

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• The result of the unfettered criticism of
  established organs of control by China's
  exuberant youth was massive civil disorder,
  punctuated also by clashes among rival Red Guard
  gangs and between the gangs and local security
  authorities. The party organization was shattered
  from top to bottom. (The Central Committee's
  Secretariat ceased functioning in late 1966.)

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1970s

• Moderate groups within the civilian bureaucracy
  and the armed forces spoke for more material
  incentives for the peasantry, efficient economic
  planning, and a thorough reassessment of the
  Cultural Revolution.
• They also advocated improved relations with the
  West in general and the United States in
  particular--if for no other reason than to
  counter the perceived expansionist aims of the
  Soviet Union.
• Generally, the radicals' objection
  notwithstanding, the Chinese political tide
  shifted steadily toward the right of center.
• Among the notable achievements of the early 1970s
  was China's decision to seek rapprochement with
  the United States, as dramatized by President
  Richard M. Nixon's visit in February 1972.

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• The year 1976 saw the deaths of the three most
  senior officials in the CCP and the state
  apparatus Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, and Mao Zedong in
  September. In April of the same year, masses of
  demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in Beijing
  memorialized Zhou Enlai and criticized Mao's
  closest associates. In July an earthquake
  devastated the city of Tangshan in Hebei
  Province.
• These events, added to the deaths of the three
  Communist leaders, contributed to a popular sense
  that the "mandate of heaven" had been withdrawn
  from the ruling party. At best the nation was in
  a state of serious political uncertainty.

• Damage photograph taken following the 1976
  Tangshan, China earthquake. The death toll lay in
  excess of 500,000 and is difficult to estimate as
  entire towns were destroyed.

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• Da Chen grew up in abject poverty in the tiny
  village of Yellow Stone, China, in the shadows of
  the Southern Shaolin Temple. He achieved the top
  test score in his province and won a place in the
  university of his choice, Beijing Language
  Institute. In the mid-'80s, at age 23, he came to
  the U. S. with only 30 and a flute. He has since
  written two acclaimed memoirs, Colors of the
  Mountain and Sounds of the River. This year he
  published a young adult kung fu novel, Wandering
  Warrior, to which Warner Brothers bought the film
  rights. This Asian Horatio Alger now lives in
  Ulster County, NY, with his wife and children and
  participates actively in the U.S. literary scene.
  http//www.writerscenter.org/chenchoi.html

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Teresa Deng

• Moon Represents My Heart

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To billions of Asian people (including Chinese,
Japanese, Vietnamese, Malaysians, etc,) the
beautiful soft singing voice of the late pop
singer Teresa Teng will ever live in their hearts
http//www.purifymind.com/TeresaDeng.htm

• She never did got married. Several of her love
  affairs, including her date with the now famous
  movie star Jacky Chan, both of them were single
  in the 70"s, were never fruitful (to the
  disappointment of their fans!) She died of
  asthma (allergic reaction?) in Thailand in 1995
  and was buried in Taiwan according to Buddhist
  ceremony. Some of her most popular songs include
  "The Moon Represents my Heart", "Who Can Love
  Me", "Stories from Little Town", and numerous
  Chinese traditional folk songs such as Fragrant
  Flowers of the Night and When Will You Come Back?

• Born in 1953 of the daughter of an Air Force
  Colonel in Taiwan, she started her singing career
  as a teenager idol in 1964 in a Taiwan TV station
  singing competition. She became popular almost
  instantly when her first record was sold in 1969
  in Singapore. During the seventies, when China
  just emerged from its cultural revolution, her
  soft singing voice could be heard everywhere in
  the world where Chinese immigrants lived. In
  China, people "listened to Old Deng (i.e, Deng
  Xiao-ping) in the daytime but to Young Deng (ie,
  Teresa Deng Lai-jun) in the evening."

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CHINESE NEW YEAR

• Chinese New Year's Eve and New Year's Day are
  celebrated as a family affair, a time of reunion
  and thanksgiving. The celebration was
  traditionally highlighted with a religious
  ceremony given in honor of Heaven and Earth, the
  gods of the household and the family ancestors.

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• On the second day, the Chinese pray to their
  ancestors as well as to all the gods. They are
  extra kind to dogs and feed them well as it is
  believed that the second day is the birthday of
  all dogs. 

• The first day of the Lunar New Year is "the
  welcoming of the gods of the heavens and earth.
  Many people abstain from meat on the first day of
  the new year because it is believed that this
  will ensure long and happy lives for them.

• The fifth day people stay home to welcome the God
  of Wealth. No one visits families and friends on
  the fifth day because it will bring both parties
  bad luck.

• The third and fourth days are for the
  sons-in-laws to pay respect to their
  parents-in-law.

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• On the sixth to the 10th day, the Chinese visit
  their relatives and friends freely. They also
  visit the temples to pray for good fortune and
  health.

• The seventh day is considered the birthday of
  human beings. Noodles are eaten to promote
  longevity and raw fish for success.

• On the eighth day the Fujian people have another
  family reunion dinner, and at midnight they pray
  to Tian Gong, the God of Heaven.

• The ninth day is to make offerings to the Jade
  Emperor.

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• The 10th through the 12th are days that friends
  and relatives should be invited for dinner. After
  so much rich food, on the 13th day you should
  have simple rice congee and mustard greens (choi
  sum) to cleanse the system.

• The 14th day should be for preparations to
  celebrate the Lantern Festival which is to be
  held on the 15th night.

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• The New Year celebrations ended on the 15th of
  the First Moon with the Lantern Festival. On the
  evening of that day, people carried lanterns into
  the streets to take part in a great parade. Young
  men would highlight the parade with a dragon
  dance. The dragon was made of bamboo, silk, and
  paper, and might stretch for more than hundred
  feet in length. The bobbing and weaving of the
  dragon was an impressive sight, and formed a
  fitting finish to the New Year festival.

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• Children and unmarried friends, as well as close
  relatives are given lai see, little red envelopes
  with crisp one dollar bills inserted, for good
  fortune.

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Many Chinese homes all over China have a picture
of the Kitchen God Tsao Chun hanging above the
stove.

• Tsao Chun not only watches over the domestic
  affairs of a family, but he is a moral force in
  the lives of all family members. It is Tsao Chun
  who ascends to heaven every year during the
  Chinese new year to present a report to the Jade
  Emperor as to the good or bad behavior of each
  family member. Customarily,family members then
  try to "bribe" Tsao chun by smearing his mouth
  with sugar or honey so that he may present a
  "sweetened" version of their deeds or misdeeds as
  the case may be. Tsao Chun's ascent to heaven is
  accomplished by burning his image the smoke
  rising to the heavens symbolically representing
  his journey to the Jade Emperor. A new picture of
  him is then placed above the stove for the coming
  year.

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• At the end of the year, the Kitchen God,
  represented by a piece of paper hung on the
  kitchen wall, is symbolically dispatched to
  Heaven to report to the Jade Emperor. At the
  beginning of the next New Year, the Kitchen God
  is welcomed back into the home.

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Flying Horse Cigarettes
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Ping Pong Diplomacy

• At the World table tennis championships in
  Nagoya, Japan in 1971 the Chinese delegation
  invited the American team to play several
  exhibition matches in China as a first move in an
  effort to open diplomatic relations between the
  two countries that had been broken off after the
  Chinese Communists expelled Chiang Kaishek to
  Taiwan. The United States invited the Chinese
  team back the following year.

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• Later that year, Henry Kissinger visited China.
  The following year, President Nixon made an
  official visit thereby opening up relations
  between the U.S. and China.

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Putien County, Fujian Provence

• Wushu masters who escaped persecution under the
  Qing dynasty fled their Shaolin temple and
  settled in Putien where their marshall arts
  continued to be fostered and nurtured.
• www.iol.ie/rowan/china2000/ putien.html

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Maos death

• Photography by Xia Yong Lee, 1976. Jonathan D.
  Spence Annping Chin, The Chinese Century A
  photographic History of the Last Hundred Years
  (New York Random House, 1996), p.213.

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Gang of Four
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• news.bbc.co.uk/.../newsid_453000/ 453330.stm

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Fuzhou

• Fuzhou, the Capital of Fujian Province, lies in
  the lower reaches of Minjiang River, in the
  eastern part of Fujian.. Due to the fact that
  many high quality hot water springs are found
  scattered over the city, Fuzhou is also called "A
  City of Warm Springs". Covering an area of 11,968
  sq. km, Fuzhou is the political, economic and
  cultural center of Fujian Province with a
  population of over 500 million.
  www.regenttour.com/.../foc/ foc-glance-glance.htm

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Harvesting Rice
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Weis Sisters House
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• www.cockeyed.com/inside/ tobacco/tobacco.html

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Chinese Communist Youth League elects new
central committee       

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The Communist Youth League of China, the largest
youth organization in the world with almost 70
million members, Thursday elected its new central
committee at the second plenary meeting of the
league's 15th National Congress. The new central
committee is composed of 189 full members and 129
alternate members, of whom 97 are female and 54
are from minority ethnic groups. A total of 297
of the members have received a college
education.    The average age of the committee
members is 32.9 years.

• CCTV.COM   2003-07-25 150709

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Amoy University

• Xiamen (or Amoy) Univeristy is one of one of the
  most beautiful universities in China because it
  faces the sea, has mountains behind it, and has
  lakes and beaches between the buildings on its

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Mr. Du math teacher

• Mr. Wa
• history teacher

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SMOKING CONTEST
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Studying Chinese History

• Hsia  c.1994c.1523 B.C.Semilegendary Emperor Yu
  built irrigation channels, reclaimed land. Bronze
  weapons, chariots, domestic animals used. Wheat,
  millet cultivated. First use of written symbols.
• Shang or Yin  c.1523c.1027 B.C.First historic
  dynasty. Complex agricultural society with a
  bureaucracy and defined social classes.
  Well-developed writing, first Chinese calendar.
  Great age of bronze casting.
• Chou  c.1027256 B.C.Classical age (Confucius,
  Lao Tzu, Mencius) despite political disorder.
  Written laws, money economy. Iron implements and
  ox-drawn plow in use. Followed by Warring States
  period, 403221 B.C.
• Chin  221206 B.C.Unification of China under
  harsh rule of Shih Huang-ti. Feudalism replaced
  by pyramidal bureaucratic government. Written
  language standardized. Roads, canals, much of the
  Great Wall built.
• Han  202 B.C.A.D. 220Unification furthered, but
  harshness lessened and Confucianism made basis
  for bureaucratic state. Buddhism introduced.
  Encyclopedic history, dictionary compiled
  porcelain produced

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•  Three KingdomsA.D. 220265Division into three
  states Wei, Shu, Wu. Wei gradually dominant.
  Confucianism eclipsed increased importance of
  Taoism and Buddhism. Many scientific advances
  adopted from India.
• Tsin or Chin
• 265420Founded by a Wei general gradual
  expansion to the southeast. Series of barbarian
  dynasties ruled N China. Continued growth of
  Buddhism.
• Sui  581618Reunification centralized
  government reestablished. Buddhism, Taoism
  favored. Great Wall refortified canal system
  established.
• Tang  618907Territorial expansion. Buddhism
  temporarily suppressed. Civil service
  examinations based on Confucianism. Age of great
  achievements in poetry (Li Po, Po Chü-i, Tu Fu),
  sculpture, painting.
• Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms  907960Period
  of warfare, official corruption, general
  hardship. Widespread development of printing (see
  type) paper money first printed.

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• Sung  9601279Period of great social and
  intellectual change. Neo-Confucianism attains
  supremacy over Taoism and Buddhism central
  bureaucracy reestablished. Widespread cultivation
  of tea and cotton gunpowder first used
  militarily.
• Yüan  12711368Mongol dynasty founded by Kublai
  Khan. Growing contact with West. Confucian ideals
  discouraged. Great age of Chinese playwriting.
  Revolts in Mongolia and S China end dynasty.
• Ming  13681644Mongols expelled. Confucianism,
  civil service examinations, reinstated. Contact
  with European traders, missionaries. Porcelain,
  architecture (see Chinese architecture), the
  novel and drama flourish.
• Ching or Manchu  16441912Established by the
  Manchus. Territorial expansion but gradual
  weakening of Chinese power decline of central
  authority. Increasing European trade foreign
  powers divide China into spheres of influence.
  Opium War Hong Kong ceded Boxer Uprising. Last
  Chinese monarchy.

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Beijing Language Institute

• Founded in 1962, Beijing Language and Culture
  University (BLCU, formerly known as Beijing
  Language Institute) is the only university in
  China that is dedicated mainly to providing
  foreign students with an education in Chinese
  language and culture. It is directly under the
  Education Ministry of China, and serves as the
  national center for teaching Chinese to
  foreigners, and for training teachers to be
  specialized in teaching Chinese as a second
  language.

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