Fragile States, Global Security and Development: Development Policy Responses

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Fragile States, Global Security and Development
Development Policy Responses

• Dr. Olli Ruohomäki, Senior Adviser
• Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Finland

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Development Security Intertwined

• World has never seemed more free, wealth and
  developed
• Freedom from want, freedom from fear and freedom
  to take action on ones behalf still remain a
  challenge for over a billion people
• State-centered security notions failed to make
  the world a safer place
• Increasing understanding that development and
  security intertwined

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What are fragile states?

• New concept - no agreed global list, WB work on
  Low Income Countries Under Stress (LICUS) failed
  states recovering states difficult
  partnerships, rogue states, states unable or
  unwilling to harness domestic and international
  resources effectively for poverty reduction
  (Torres and Anderson, 2004)
• WB Country Policy and Institutional Assesment
  (CPIA) divides low-income countries into 5
  categories -gt the lowest two of which are useful
  proxies for state fragility

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What are fragile states?

• Indicators population, GNI per capita, ODA per
  capita, aid as of GNI, GDP per capita annual
  growth rate, birth attended by skilled health
  personnel , one-year-olds fully immunised
  against measles, net primary enrolment ,
  proportion of undernourished in total population
  

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What are fragile states?

• Proxy list of fragile states Finnish
  development cooperation Afganistan, Cambodia,
  Ethiopia, Kenya, Lao PDR, Nepal, Sudan, Timor
  Leste
• 46 fragile states containing 870 million people
  or 14 of the worlds population, 30 of people
  living under 1 euro per day, Every 3rd person
  undernourished
• States move in and out of the category

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What are fragile states?

• Government cannot or will not deliver core
  functions to the majority of its people
• State authority - state lacks clear international
  sovereign status (Somalia) cannot control its
  borders one or more groups subjected to violence
  or not provided security (Sudan)

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What are fragile states?

• Effective political power - power of the
  executive not subject to controls (Zimbabwe) no
  effective channels for political participation
  (Burma)
• Economic management - weak or partial financial
  management tools no transparency in the public
  management of natural resource extraction
  (Angola, Lao PDR)

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What are fragile states?

• Administrative capacity to deliver services - the
  state levies less than 15 of GDP in tax access
  to public services for spesific regions of the
  country deliberately limited

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What are fragile states?

• Categories of developing countries
• good performers capacity and political will
• weak but willing with limited capacity
• strong but unresponsive that may be repressive
• weak-weak in terms of political will and
  capacity

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Why fragile states matter?

• Fragile states and poverty intertwined
• MDGs cannot be met by 2015 if fragile states are
  not taken into account
• Neighbourhood costs -gt instability, refugee
  flows, growth reduced by 0,4 if a neighbour is
  fragile (Afganistan, DR Congo), terrorist havens
• Costs of late response to crisis are high
  (average costs of a civil war 54 billion USD -
  including military expenditure and lives losts
  and economic growth forgone

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Understanding fragile states

• Political economy - need to understand reasons
  for state failure -gt history, power relations,
  rules of the game and the relationship between
  these and formal institutions
• Phenomenon of donor orphans (Central African
  Republic)

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Case of Nepal

• Nepals difficult political transition since 1990
  movement Maoist insurgency harsh measures by
  security forces structural problems ethnic
  marginalisation entrenched factional politics
  quality of political governance extremely bad

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Aid fragile states

• Failure to protect people and property -gt
  increased security of the person and property -gt
  improved policing of security (Albania),
  increased access to justice providing safe
  operating environment for service delivery (Nepal
  - Basic Operational Guidelines) DDR

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Aid and fragile states

• Failure to deliver basic services -gt substantial
  increase in infrastructure, primary education and
  health services to the poor -gt working with both
  state and non-state service providers and ensure
  protection of service providers

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Aid and fragile states

• Decreasing livelihood security -gt social
  protection for vulnerable households -gt
  humanitarian assistance in conflict-affected
  areas social protection programmes including
  employment, food security

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Aid and fragile states

• Weak public financial management -gt improved
  management of natural resource revenue and
  capacity to manage shocks -gt increased political
  commitment to transparent use of countries
  assets, international accountability arrangements
  (e.g. Kimberley process) early warning systems
  and capacity to predict and manage shocks

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Finlands policy responses

• Development policy part of Finlands security
  policy
• Prevention of conflicts and post-conflict
  recovery increasingly important
• Civilian crisis management
• UN, OSCE, CoE, EU, AU as partners