ICAO State Safety Programme SSP Implementation Course

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(No Transcript)
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SSP A structured approach
Module 2 Basic safety management concepts
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Objective

• At the end of this module, participants will be
  able to explain the strengths and weaknesses of
  long-established approaches to manage safety and
  describe new perspectives and methods of managing
  safety by the State

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Contents

• Concept of safety
• A concept of accident causation
• System performance in the real world
• Strategies Levels of intervention and tools
• The management dilemma
• The imperative of change
• Safety management Eight building blocks
• Responsibilities of the State for managing safety
  
• Questions and answers
• Points to remember

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Concept of safety

• Consider (the weaknesses in the notion of
  perfection)
• The elimination of accidents (and serious
  incidents) is unachievable
• Failures will occur, in spite of the most
  accomplished prevention efforts
• No human activity or human-made system can be
  guaranteed to be absolutely free from hazard and
  operational errors
• Controlled risk and controlled error are
  acceptable in an inherently safe system

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Concept of safety (Doc 9859)

• Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to
  persons or property damage is reduced to, and
  maintained at or below, an acceptable level
  through a continuing process of hazard
  identification and risk management

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Safety

• Traditional approach Preventing accidents
• Focus on outcomes (causes)
• Unsafe acts by operational personnel
• Attach blame/punish for failures to perform
  safely
• Address identified safety concern exclusively
• Regulatory compliance
• Identifies

WHAT?
WHO?
WHEN?

• But not always discloses

WHY?
HOW?
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A concept of accident causation
ORGANIZATION
Activities over which any organization has a
reasonable degree of direct control
Factors that directly influence the efficiency of
people in aviation workplaces.
Actions or inactions by people (pilots,
controllers, maintenance engineers, aerodrome
staff, etc.) that have an immediate adverse
effect.
Resources to protect against the risks that
organizations involved in production activities
generate and must control.
Conditions present in the system before the
accident, made evident by triggering factors.
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Operational performance in the real world
ORGANIZATION
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Managing safety Navigating the drift
ORGANIZATION
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Navigational aids
Reactive method The reactive method responds to
the events that already happened, such as
incidents and accidents

• Proactive method
• The proactive method
• looks actively for the
• identification of
• safety risks
• through the analysis
• of the organizations
• activities

Predictive method The predictive method captures
system performance as it happens in real-time
normal operations to identify potential future
problems
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Managing safety collapsing the drift
ORGANIZATION
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Strategies Levels of intervention and tools
Predictive
Proactive
Reactive
Reactive
ORGANIZATION
Desirable management levels
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The first ultra-safe industrial system

• Fragile system (1920s -1970s)
• Individual risk management intensive training
• Accident investigation

• Safe system (1970s mid 1990s)
• Technology and regulations
• Incident investigation

• Ultra-safe system (mid 1990s onwards)
• Business management approach to safety (SMS)
• Routine collection and analysis of operational
  data

Less than one catastrophic breakdown per million
production cycles
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Truth or falsehood?
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Truth
ORGANIZATION
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The constant balance

• Provision of services require a constant balance
  between
• Production goals (maintaining regular aerodrome
  operations during a runway construction project)
• Safety goals (maintaining existing margins of
  safety in aerodrome operations during runway
  construction project)
• This brings about a potential dilemma for
  management

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The management dilemma
ORGANIZATION
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The management dilemma
ORGANIZATION
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The management dilemma
ORGANIZATION
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Safety space
Bankruptcy
ORGANIZATION
Safety space
Catastrophe
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Building safety resilience
ORGANIZATION
Exceptional violation space
Violation space
Safety space
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upon business management practices

• Safety issues are a by-product of activities
  related to production/services delivery
• Managing safety A constant analysis of an
  organization's resources and goals leading to
• balanced and realistic allocation of resources
  between protection and production goals
• support of the needs of the organization

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The imperative of change

• As global aviation activity and complexity
  continues to grow, traditional methods for
  managing safety risks to an acceptable level
  become less effective and efficient
• Evolving methods for understanding and managing
  safety risks are necessary

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The changing of the guard

• Traditional Accident/serious incident
  investigation
• Aviation system performs most of the time as per
  design specifications (base line performance)
• Compliance based
• Outcome oriented
• Evolving Safety management
• Aviation system does not perform most of the time
  as per design specifications (practical drift)
• Performance based
• Process oriented

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Three key definitions

• Hazard Condition or object with the potential
  of causing injuries to personnel, damage to
  equipment or structures, loss of material, or
  reduction of ability to perform a prescribed
  function
• Consequence Potential outcome(s) of the hazard
• Risk The assessment, expressed in terms of
  predicted probability and severity, of the
  consequence(s) of a hazard taking as reference
  the worst foreseeable situation

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Risk assessment
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Risk tolerability
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Safety management Eight building blocks

• Senior managements commitment to the management
  of safety
• Effective safety reporting
• Continuous monitoring through systems to collect,
  analyse, and share safety-related data arising
  from normal operations

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Safety management Eight building blocks

• Investigation of safety occurrences with the
  objective of identifying systemic safety
  deficiencies rather than assigning blame
• Sharing safety lessons learned and best practices
  through the active exchange of safety information
• Integration of safety training for the staff

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Safety management Eight building blocks

• Effective implementation of work procedures and
  guidelines
• Continuous improvement of the overall level of
  safety

The result of implementing the eight building
blocks An organizational culture that fosters
safe practices, encourages effective safety
communication and creates a performance based
regulatory environment
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Responsibilities of the State for managing safety

• These responsibilities fall into four basic
  areas
• Definition of policies and objectives regarding
  safety
• Development and implementation of safety
  regulatory practices
• Allocation of resources for safety management
  activities
• Promoting safety management activities internally
  and externally

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Safety management possible responses

• Denial ritualistic rejection of change

• Repair cover-up, cosmetic adaptation denying
  progress

• Reform engaging the will to change

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Questions and answers

• Basic safety management concepts

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Questions and answers

• Q What is the ICAO definition for safety in Doc
  9859?
• A
• Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to
  persons or property damage is reduced to, and
  maintained at or below, an acceptable level
  through a continuing process of hazard
  identification and risk management

Slide number 6
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Questions and answers

• Q Explain the three different methods for
  navigating the drift
• A

Slide number 11
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Questions and answers

• Q Explain the need for an imperative of change?
• A
• As global aviation activity and complexity
  continues to grow, traditional methods for
  managing safety risks to an acceptable level
  become less effective and efficient
• Evolving methods for understanding and managing
  safety risks are necessary

Slide number 24
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Questions and answers

• Q What are the four responsibilities of the
  State for managing safety?
• A
• Definition of policies and objectives regarding
  safety
• Development and implementation of safety
  regulatory practices
• Allocation of resources for safety management
  activities
• Promoting safety management activities internally
  and externally

Slide number 32
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Point to remember

• Operational performance in the real world
• The imperative of change
• The management dilemma
• Safety management Eight building blocks
• Responsibilities of the State for managing safety

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Module N 2 Basic safety management concepts