AP American History

1
AP American History

• Review For AP Examination
• Part Three

2
manifest destiny

• Manifest Destiny was a term used in the 1840s to
  justify the United States' westward expansion
  into such areas as Texas, Oregon and California.
  There was a widely held underlying belief that
  Americans, Gods chosen people, had a divinely
  inspired mission to spread the fruits of their
  democracy to the less fortunate (usually meaning
  Native Americans and other non-Europeans).

3
Santa Anna

• In 1835, during the Texas Revolution, Santa Anna
  led the Mexican forces at The Alamo and at
  Goliad. Sam Houston defeated the Mexican army
  under Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto in
  1836, assuring Texan independence.
• He was the ruler of Mexico during the Mexican War

4
James K. Polk

• Polk defeated Henry Clay in the Election of 1844.
  
• His administration
• Reestablished the independent treasury system
• Settled the Oregon boundary dispute
• Acquired California in the Mexican War

5
Slidell Mission

• Polk dispatched John Slidell to Mexico City in
  the fall of 1845. His assignment was to negotiate
  the following
• Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande as the
  border between Texas and Mexico
• The purchase of the New Mexico area for 5
  million
• The purchase of California at any price.

6
Spot Resolutions

• Whig Congressman Abraham Lincoln introduced
  resolutions requesting information from the Polk
  administration on the exact spot where American
  blood had been shed at the hands of the Mexican
  army. Many Northerners suspected that President
  Polk had lied about where the first American
  blood had been shed.

7
General Zachary Taylor

• The Mexican War (1846-48) transformed Taylor from
  a minor military figure into a presidential
  contender. He invaded Mexico and took Matamoras
  and Monterrey. Taylor defeated General Antonio
  López de Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista
  1847, and immediately became a national hero.
• Taylor received the Whig nomination and was
  elected president in 1848.
• Taylor died in July 1850 after only 16 months in
  office

8
General Winfield Scott

• Scott was commander of American forces in the
  Mexican War, capturing Vera Cruz and Mexico City.
  
• In the Election of 1852 Scott gained the Whig
  nomination, but lost to Franklin Pierce.
• Scott had recommended that Abraham Lincoln offer
  Union field command to Robert E. Lee.
• Scott proposed the Anaconda Plan as the means
  to slowly crush the South from a variety of
  directions.

9
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• The Treaty ending the Mexican War provided for
• The United States received all of the land
  originally sought by John Slidell, including
  present-day New Mexico, Arizona, California,
  Texas and parts of Colorado, Utah and Nevada
• The Mexicans received 15 million for those lands
  and were relieved of responsibility for claims by
  American citizens (about 3 million)
• The border between the two nations was fixed at
  the Rio Grande

10
Mexican Cession

• The Mexican Cession refers to lands
  surrendered, or ceded, to the United States by
  Mexico at the end of the Mexican War. The terms
  of this transfer were spelled out in the Treaty
  of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848.

11
Wilmot Proviso

• A proposed amendment by David Wilmot that made
  slavery illegal in any territories taken from
  Mexico in the Mexican War
• This proposed amendment was never passed, but was
  widely supported by the Free-Soil Movement and
  Free-Soil Party

12
David Wilmot

• Member of the House of Representatives who
  authored the Wilmot Proviso

13
Senator Lewis Cass

• Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan came up with the
  idea of popular sovereignty for the territories

14
popular sovereignty

• Popular sovereignty was the political doctrine
  which provided for the settlers of federal
  territorial lands to decide the status (free or
  slave) under which they would join the Union.

15
Free-Soil Party

• In the Election of 1848, Van Buren and
  antislavery forces from the Democratic, Whig and
  Liberty parties formed the Free-Soil Party. The
  party platform called for
• Opposition to the extension of slavery into the
  territories
• Support for national internal improvement
  programs
• Support for moderate tariffs designed for revenue
  only
• Support for a homestead law.

16
Compromise of 1850

• California was admitted to the Union as a free
  state
• The New Mexico and Utah territories were to
  decide the slavery issue by relying on popular
  sovereignty
• Texas lost New Mexico, but received 10 million
  from the federal government
• The slave trade in the District of Columbia was
  abolished
• A new Fugitive Slave Act was passed.

17
Gadsden Purchase

• This was a purchase from Mexico of a small strip
  of land south of the Gila River in southern
  Arizona that was purchased because it offered the
  best route for a railroad across the southern
  Rockies to the Pacific Coast.

18
Stephen A. Douglas

• Douglas coined the term popular sovereignty and
  urged that it be accepted as a solution to the
  problems of the extension of slavery in the
  territories. He also was the prime force behind
  the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.
• In 1858 he sought reelection to the Senate and
  engaged Abraham Lincoln in the historic
  Lincoln-Douglas Debates. Douglas won that
  election, but Lincoln emerged as a national
  figure. In 1860 Douglas accepted nomination from
  a convention of Northern Democrats, but lost to
  Lincoln.

19
Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• Douglas and Lincoln were campaigning for the
  votes of Illinois state legislators who chose
  U.S. Senators at that time.
• The question of the extension of slavery into the
  territories acquired from Mexico dominated the
  seven debates. Crowds in the thousands turned out
  to witness the exchanges and newspapers provided
  detailed coverage for the nation. Lincoln gained
  national recognition from these seven debates.

20
Freeport Doctrine

• At Freeport, Illinois, in the second of the
  Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas made an effort
  to revive the doctrine of popular sovereignty,
  which had been imperiled by the Dred Scott
  decision.
• He stated that slavery could legally be barred
  from the territories if the territorial
  legislatures simply refused to enact the type of
  police regulations necessary to make slavery
  work. Without a legal framework and enforcement
  officials, slavery would be excluded.

21
Fugitive Slave Act

• This new law created a force of federal
  commissioners empowered to pursue fugitive slaves
  in any state and return them to their owners. No
  statute of limitations applied, so that even
  those slaves who had been living free in the
  North for many years could be (and were)
  returned.

22
Abraham Lincoln

• In 1858, Lincoln was the Republican choice for
  the Senate then held by the Democrat Stephen
  Douglas. The two engaged in a series of
  exchanges, the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, in which
  Lincoln spelled out his views on the issue of
  slavery. He regarded slavery as a moral wrong
  that should not be extended to the territories
  however, Lincoln did not advocate the abolition
  of the institution in the states where it already
  existed, nor did he believe in the equality of
  the races.

23
Personal Liberty Laws

• Some states reacted to the Fugitive Slave Law by
  passing state legislation designed to nullify the
  Fugitive Slave Law, but these Personal Liberty
  Laws were declared unconstitutional by the U.S.
  Supreme Court.

24
Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Author of Uncle Toms Cabin (1852)

25
Frederick Douglass

• His autobiography, Narrative of the Life of
  Frederick Douglass, which recounted his birth as
  a slave in Tuckahoe, Maryland, to his escape to
  Massachusetts in 1838
• He published an abolitionist newspaper, the North
  Star, in 1847.
• During the Civil War, he organized two black
  regiments in Massachusetts.

26
Underground Railroad

• Route by which runaway slaves escaped North to
  Canada with the aid of abolitionists

27
Harriet Tubman

• Possibly the most famous of all the Underground
  Railroad's heroes, Harriet Ross Tubman managed
  over a decade to make 19 trips into the South and
  lead more than 300 slaves to freedom. And, as she
  once said, in all of her journeys "I nebber run
  my train off de track and I nebber lost a
  passenger."

28
Franklin Pierce

• In the Election of 1852 Pierce defeated Winfield
  Scott.
• In 1853 the Gadsden Purchase was negotiated,
  igniting sectional strife. The Ostend Manifesto
  fiasco was an embarrassing event for Pierce.
• In domestic matters everything was overshadowed
  by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, a measure that caused
  chaos within the political parties and resulted
  in the violence of Bleeding Kansas.

29
Ostend Manifesto

• In 1854 three American diplomats representing the
  views of many Southern Democrats issued a warning
  to Spain that it must sell Cuba to the United
  States or risk having it taken by force.
• This statement had not been authorized by the
  Pierce administration and was immediately
  repudiated. Reaction especially in the North was
  extremely negative.

30
Kansas-Nebraska Bill

• Written by Stephen Douglas
• The Nebraska Territory was to be divided into two
  unitsKansas and Nebraska
• The question of slavery was to be decided by
  "popular sovereignty"allowing the territorial
  legislatures to decide.
• The effect of this proposal was to repeal the
  Missouri Compromise, a prospect that enraged
  antislavery forces and most Northerners.

31
Republican Party

• Stood for the exclusion of slavery from the
  territories, new protective tariffs , more
  federal funding for Railroads, and for a
  homestead act that would provide for free parcels
  of land in the west that were not large enough
  for plantations.

32
Know-Nothings

• American Party a.k.a. the Know-Nothings
  competed at the national level but they were
  mostly successful in the North. The
  Know-Nothings were anti-Catholic/anti-immigrant,
  but only lasted until 1856.

33
Democrats

• Favored the extension of slavery into the
  territories, but were divided between North and
  South over the use of popular-sovereignty in the
  territories.

34
Bleeding Kansas

• Following territorial elections in which the
  proslavery forces won, largely through the
  violence and intimidation of the so-called
  Border Ruffians, a territorial legislature
  enacted a series of proslavery laws. Meanwhile,
  an opposition government was created by free-soil
  forces at Topeka.
• This tense situation erupted into violence
  between proslavery and free-soil forces.

35
Border Ruffians

• Proslavery Missourians who crossed over the
  border into Kansas to vote in territorial
  elections and caused the pro-slavery side to win
  control of the Kansas territorial legislature.

36
Rev.Henry Ward Beecher

• In 1854 Beecher and his congregation were
  strongly opposed to the passage of the
  Kansas-Nebraska Act, and launched a fund-raising
  drive to purchase rifles to arm the antislavery
  forces in the territories. Those arms shipped to
  Bleeding Kansas were called Beechers Bibles.

37
John Brown

• Browns uncompromising stand against slavery won
  him numerous supporters in the North, where many
  abolitionists were frustrated by their lack of
  progress. Encouragement and financial support
  were extended by the Secret Six, a group of
  influential New England aristocrats. Brown hoped
  to spark a slave rebellion in the South. His raid
  on Harpers Ferry in 1859 was part of that plan.

38
James Buchanan

• Buchanan triumphed in the Election of 1856 over
  the new Republican Party.
• Buchanan had to deal with the Panic of 1857, the
  Dred Scott decision, the Lecompton Constitution
  controversy and "Bleeding Kansas".
• After the election of Lincoln, Buchanan faced the
  secession crisis. His response was inaction,
  believing that secession was illegal, but
  rejected armed efforts to prevent states from
  leaving the Union.

39
Dred Scott Case

• Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that
• Dred Scott had no standing in the court system
  because blacks, regardless of whether they were
  free or slave, were not and could not be citizens
  
• A slave was the property of the slave owner and
  that was not changed by temporary residence north
  of the Missouri Compromises 3630 line
• Congress, under the Fifth Amendment, lacked the
  authority to deprive citizens of their property,
  a ruling that wiped out the 3630 line
  provision of the Missouri Compromise.

40
Lecompton Constitution

• Pro-Slavery Kansans made a state constitution
  that provided for the protection of existing
  slave property in Kansas. It only allowed
  Kansans to vote on whether to allow or not allow
  new slaves to come into Kansas. No matter how
  the vote came out, there would continue to be
  slavery in Kansas.

41
Harpers Ferry

• John Brown planned to establish a stronghold in
  western Virginia and use it as a base for
  attacking slave owners and for assisting
  runaways. He believed this effort would touch off
  a slave rebellion in the South. After being
  captured at Harpers Ferry, Brown was found
  guilty and hanged in December 1859.

42
Impact of Browns Raid

• The impact of John Brown's raid on Harpers ferry
  was felt in both the North and the South. In the
  North, Brown became a martyr in the eyes of the
  abolitionist minority church bells tolled and
  flags were lowered in many New England towns on
  the day of the executions. Browns violent
  assault upon federal authority was denounced by
  many Northern moderates.

43
John C. Breckinridge

• Southern Democratic Party candidate for president
  in 1860.

44
John Bell

• Constitutional Union Party candidate for
  president in 1860.

45
Senator John J. Crittenden

• There was one last attempt at compromise tried in
  the winter of 1860/1861 by Senator John J.
  Crittenden of Kentucky, but it didnt work out as
  Lincoln wouldnt agree to just split the
  territories at the Missouri Compromise line.

46
Confederate States of America

• Formed in Montgomery, Alabama by the original
  seven Southern states to secede from the Union
  after the election of Abraham Lincoln.

47
Northern Advantages

• An industrialized economy that gave the
  government tremendous resources.
• A much larger population and more manpower for
  the army and navy.
• An established, powerful and organized central
  government led by Lincoln.
• Huge production of wheat and corn.

48
Southern Advantages

• Fighting on home soil (most of the time). To win,
  they only had to keep the North out .
• They had some good generals like Robert E. Lee,
  Stonewall Jackson, JEB Stuart, etc.
• Covert support from Great Britain.

49
Anaconda Plan

• General Winfield Scott proposed the Anaconda
  Plan as the means to slowly crush the South. The
  Anaconda Plan hoped to strangle the Confederacy
  through a blockade and cutting it in half by
  taking the Mississippi. Believing the war would
  be short, Lincoln ignored Scotts Anaconda Plan
  and asked only for 90-day enlistments from state
  militias.

50
Fort Sumter

• Lincoln informed South Carolina authorities that
  he was dispatching a ship carrying food. The
  state officials decided that allowing the ship to
  pass would amount to cowardice and instructed
  General P.G.T. Beauregard to open artillery fire
  on April 12, 1861. Fort Sumter surrendered the
  next day. The Civil War had begun.
• Lincoln put out a call for 90-day enlistments
  from state militia forces.

51
Battle Bull Run

• Lincoln dispatched General Irvin McDowell with an
  inexperienced army of 30,000 men to move directly
  on the Confederate capital. The immediate target
  was a Confederate force of 22,000 men under
  General P.G.T. Beauregard.
• The encounter at Bull Run ended all thought in
  the North that the war would be short and easily
  won. Southerners were elated, believing that
  their hopes of a quick victory might be realized.

52
General Stonewall Jackson

• Stonewall Jackson was Lees most talented
  lieutenant. Lee lamented after hearing that
  Jackson had been wounded, He has lost his left
  arm, but I have lost my right arm. No other
  commander could match Jacksons skill at rapid
  troop deployment.

53
Robert E. Lee

• Robert E. Lee has been one of the most revered
  figures in the history of the American South,
  admired equally for his character and his
  military prowess. Lee deserves the credit for
  keeping an undermanned, resource-starved war
  effort by the Confederacy alive for four years.

54
Jefferson Davis

• While not an early supporter of secession, he
  resigned from the Senate when Mississippi left
  the Union in January 1861. In February he was
  appointed the provisional president of the
  Confederacy and was elected to a full term in
  November.

55
Battle of Antietam

• The impact of Antietam was immense. The South
  badly needed a victory on Northern soil this was
  the only way in which they would be able to
  secure European assistance. Their failure to hold
  enemy territory dissuaded the British from
  establishing diplomatic relations.
• Lincoln, long awaiting a significant victory,
  used the occasion of Antietam to announce the
  preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.

56
Merrimack (Confederacy)

• This was a Confederate frigate that was sunk at
  the beginning of the Civil War. It was raised up
  by the Confederate government, renamed the
  Virginia and converted to the first ironclad
  warship in history.

57
Monitor (Union)

• A Union ironclad naval vessel shaped like a
  torpedo boat with its deck flush to the water. It
  was nicknamed a cheesebox on a raft. It fought
  the Merrimack(Virginia) at Hampton Roads,
  Virginia in 1862.

58
Battle of Hampton Roads

• A 1862 battle between the ironclad Monitor and
  the ironclad Merrimack (Virginia). After a four
  hour battle the Merrimac withdrew and the battle
  ended in a draw.

59
Morrill Tariff Act (1861)

• The North doubled the former tariffs to help pay
  for the Civil War.

60
Homestead Act (1862)

• It gave 160 acres to anyone for 5 years free, if
  settlers remained on the land and made
  improvements.
• This act encouraged settlement of the Great
  Plains region by common people, not Southern
  planters.

61
Legal Tender Act (1862)

• This act created a national currency and allowed
  for the printing of greenbacks.

62
border states

• Slave owning states that remained loyal to the
  Union during the Civil War.

63
habeas corpus

• A legal writ for the purpose of bringing a person
  before a court or a judge especially to inquire
  into the cause of a person's imprisonment or
  detention
• The purpose is to protect legal rights of the
  person imprisoned or detained
• Habeas Corpus requires the government to prove
  that a prisoner is being legally detained.

64
Emancipation Proclamation

• In September 1862, shortly after the Battle of
  Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary
  emancipation proclamation. As of January 1, 1863,
  all slaves were to be freed in those areas still
  in rebellion against the federal government.
  Lincoln repeated his oft-stated positions that he
  was dedicated to restoring the Union and not
  ending slavery entirely, and that he supported
  the concept of compensated emancipation.

65
Ulysses S. Grant

• Grants most important victory came in 1863 with
  the capture of Vicksburg, a key point on the
  Mississippi River, which enabled the Union to cut
  the Confederacy in half. Grant was made the
  supreme commander of the Union forces and
  accepted the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court
  House.

66
Battle of Vicksburg

• Vicksburg was a key military point on the eastern
  side of the Mississippi River, located high on a
  bluff near the outlet of the Yazoo River.
  Confederate guns in the heights prevented
  movement of Union traffic.
• Vicksburg fell on July 4, 1863 to Union forces
  under command of U.S. Grant.
• The Northern victory at Vicksburg split the
  Confederacy in two.

67
Battle of Gettysburg

• The toll from the fighting at Gettysburg was
  23,000 casualties for the Union and 20,000 for
  the Confederates.
• Gettysburg was the turning point in the war,
  especially occurring in tandem with the Union
  victory at Vicksburg. The South would not be able
  to mount another major offensive for the
  remainder of the conflict.

68
Peace Democrats

• Some Democrats attempted to gain support by
  blaming Lincoln for the misfortunes brought about
  by the war, attacking conscription, and defending
  states rights . The Republicans called them
  Copperheads.

69
Clement L. Vallandigham

• Leader of the Peace Democrats or Copperheads.
• In 1863, he was arrested for expressing sympathy
  for the enemy. Vallandighams conviction by a
  military tribunal was upheld by President Lincoln
  and he was banished to the Confederacy.
• He remained only a short time in the South before
  heading to Canada by way of Bermuda. In 1864,
  when he returned to Ohio, Federal officials
  ignored him.

70
Copperheads

• A name that the Republicans gave to the Peace
  Democrats.
• They were accused of sabotaging the war effort by
  the North.

71
New York City Draft Riots

• The New York City Draft Riots were in response to
  the Emancipation Proclamation and the draft law
  of 1863.
• Blacks were the main target of Irish immigrants
  because they feared job losses to freed slaves.

72
General McClellan

• In 1864 McClellan received the Democratic Party's
  nomination and, early on, appeared to be in
  excellent position to defeat Lincoln in the
  Election of 1864. Improving reports from the
  battle front, however, enabled Lincoln to win
  handily in the fall.

73
General Sherman

• In 1864 Sherman succeeded Grant as supreme
  commander in the West. He captured Atlanta prior
  to the 1864 election and provided Lincoln with a
  powerful boost toward reelection.
• Sherman, deep in enemy territory and his supply
  lines in jeopardy, began his March to the Sea. In
  24 days Shermans army cut a 40- to 60-mile-wide
  swath of destruction from Atlanta to Savannah.
  His aim was to end the enemys ability to wage
  war and to destroy the morale of the populace.

74
Shermans March to the Sea

• Shortly after the Election of 1864, William T.
  Shermans soldiers set fire to Atlanta and began
  a march toward an unnamed destination (which
  turned out to be Savannah). Fanning out into a
  60-mile-wide front, they advanced eastward,
  encountering little organized resistance. All
  things that could in any way contribute to the
  Confederate war effort were destroyedhomes,
  farms, food supplies, livestock, railroad tracks,
  mills, cotton bales and other targets.

75
Appomattox Court House

• Location in Virginia of the final surrender of
  Lees Confederate army to Grants Union army.

76
Reconstruction (1865 1877)

• Period of time after the Civil War ended when
  most of the former Confederate States were
  controlled by Carpetbag governments and occupied
  by the United States federal army.
• Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877.

77
Lincolns 10 Plan

• Once 10 of a former confederate states
  population as established by the 1860 election
  took an oath of loyalty to the United States,
  that state could establish a new state
  government. This 10 Plan was applied in
  Louisiana, Tennessee and Arkansas in 1864.

78
Charles Sumner

• Senator from Massachusetts who was attacked by
  South Carolina Congressman Preston Brooks with a
  cane while he was seated at his desk in the
  Senate chamber. Sumner was beaten into
  unconsciousness and was incapable of resuming
  his duties for more than three years.
• He later joined in the unsuccessful effort to
  convict impeached Andrew Johnson.

79
Thaddeus Stevens

• As a leader of the Radical Republicans, he was
  opposed to Andrew Johnsons Reconstruction Plan.
• As a member of the House of Representatives, he
  was a leader of the effort to impeach President
  Andrew Johnson.

80
Wade-Davis Bill

• A Reconstruction bill sponsored by the Radical
  Republicans in Congress who were opposed to
  Lincolns Reconstruction Plan. It was Pocket
  Vetoed by President Lincoln.

81
Pocket Veto

• A Pocket Veto is when the President fails to sign
  a bill within the 10 days allowed by the
  Constitution and Congress has adjourned during
  those 10 days.
• If Congress is in session and the president fails
  to sign the bill, it becomes law without his
  signature.

82
Thirteenth Amendment

• Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except
  as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall
  have been duly convicted, shall exist within the
  United States, or any place subject to their
  jurisdiction.

83
Freedmens Bureau

• Officially known as the Bureau of Refugees,
  Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, this agency was
  established by Congress in 1865 as an arm of the
  War Department. The Bureau was given
  authorization to provide services to the nearly
  four million newly freed slaves for a period of
  one year.

84
Andrew Johnson

• In April 1865, Johnson was sworn in a few hours
  after Lincolns death. He offended congressional
  Republicans by vetoing an extension of the
  Freedmen Bureau and by offering amnesty to many
  former Confederate officials.
• In 1867 an impeachment move was launched against
  Johnson, based largely on his violation of the
  Tenure of Office Act. He was impeached by the
  House of Representatives, but escaped conviction
  in the Senate by a single vote.

85
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• The vote in the Senate was 35-19 for conviction,
  one vote short of the necessary two-thirds. Seven
  Republicans had crossed over and voted with the
  Democrats, thus denying the ultimate revenge to
  the Radicals.

86
Radical Republicans

• They tended to view the Civil War as a crusade
  against the institution of slavery and supported
  immediate emancipation
• They advocated enlistment of black soldiers
• They favored ratification of the 13th Amendment.
• They wanted to punish the South
• They believed that the federal government should
  help in the transition of freedmen from slavery
  to freedom
• They wanted to keep the Republican Party in power
  in both the North and the South.

87
Civil Rights Bill of 1866

• A law that was designed to protect the rights of
  the freedmen from Black Codes and to nullify the
  Dred Scott ruling by making the freedmen full
  citizens. It had to be passed over the veto of
  President Johnson. The main provisions of this
  bill became part of the 14th Amendment.

88
Fourteenth Amendment

• Four key elements were (1) the freedmen were
  given citizenship and the states were prohibited
  from denying their rights, (2) the Confederate
  debt was void, (3) Confederate leaders were
  barred from holding office, and (4) if Southern
  states didnt let blacks vote, they were to have
  their representation reduced proportionally

89
Fifteenth Amendment

• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any state on account of race,
  color, or previous condition of servitude.

90
Poll Tax

• Some states had laws that required citizens to
  pay a special tax before they would be allowed to
  vote. These taxes were intended to prevent black
  citizens from voting.

91
Literacy Test

• Some states had laws that required citizens to
  pass a reading and writing test before they would
  be allowed to vote. These tests were intended to
  prevent black citizens from voting.

92
Grandfather Clause

• Allowed a white man who could not pay the poll
  tax or pass the literacy test to still be
  eligible to vote, if he, his father or his
  grandfather had been eligible to vote on January
  1, 1867. This date excluded almost all black
  citizens.

93
Black Codes

• In 1865 and 1866, state governments in the South
  enacted laws designed to regulate the lives of
  the former slaves. These measures, differing from
  state to state, were actually revisions of the
  earlier slave codes that had regulated the
  institution of slavery before the Civil War.

94
Black Codes Examples

• Race was defined by blood the presence of any
  amount of black blood made one black
• Employment was required of all freedmen
  violators faced vagrancy charges
• Freedmen could not assemble without the presence
  of a white person
• Freedmen duties and hours of work were tightly
  regulated
• Freedmen were not to be taught to read or write
• Public facilities were segregated

95
Jim Crow Laws

• State laws that separated black and white
  citizens at all public facilities such as
  schools, parks, beaches, movie theaters,
  restaurants, trains, busses and drinking
  fountains.

96
Radical Reconstruction Plan

• Revengea desire among some to punish the South
  for causing the war
• Concern for the freedmensome believed that the
  federal government had a role to play in the
  transition of freedmen from slavery to freedom
• Political concernsthe Radicals wanted to keep
  the Republican Party in power in both the North
  and the South.

97
Military Reconstruction Act

• In 1867 the former Confederate States were
  divided into Five military districts under
  command of five different federal generals.
• These states would not be allow readmission to
  the Union until they had met all of the strict
  conditions laid down by the Congress.

98
Secretary of War Stanton

• Secretary of War in the Lincoln cabinet that was
  a holdover when Andrew Johnson became president.
• When Andrew Johnson dismissed Stanton in
  violation of the Tenure of Office Act, the House
  of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson.

99
Tenure of Office Act

• The Radical Republicans were trying to extend
  protection to Edwin M. Stanton, the secretary of
  war, who had been cooperating with Johnsons
  opponents.
• The law provided that
• Any official appointed with the advice and
  consent of the Senate would require similar
  consent for dismissal
• Presidential cabinet members were to hold their
  position for a full term unless removed by the
  Senate.

100
waving the bloody shirt

• Campaign tactic used by the Republican Party
  after the Civil War to attract votes from the
  thousands of Union Civil War veterans. The
  Republican Party wanted to remind these voters of
  the Civil War and create an image that it was
  Lincoln and the Republican Party that saved the
  nation.

101
Redeemers

• A political coalition of southern whites who
  gained political power and attempted to undo the
  changes brought about by the Civil War. Once in
  power, they cut government spending at all levels
  but especially for public education. At the same
  time, the Redeemers usually supported labor
  contracts for blacks and poll taxes for voting.

102
Carpetbaggers

• A term of derision, applied to Northerners who
  went South during Reconstruction, motivated by
  either profit or idealism. The name referred to
  the cloth bags many of them used for transporting
  their possessions.

103
Scalawags

• A derogatory term (originally describing
  worthless livestock) applied to native white
  Southerners who supported the federal
  reconstruction plan and cooperated with the
  blacks in order to achieve their ends.

104
Slaughter-House Cases (1873)

• In these cases, the Supreme Court weakened the
  14th Amendment by declaring that state and
  national citizenship were two different things
  and that the 14th Amendment only dealt with a few
  rights. The national government was not allowed
  to oversee civil rights in the states.

105
Presidential Election of 1876

• All agreed that Tilden had won the majority of
  the popular vote, but there was little agreement
  on what the electoral results should be. In order
  to win, a candidate needed 185 electoral votes.
  Tilden controlled 184 votes and Hayes 165 20
  votes, however, were in dispute in South
  Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida where
  Reconstruction Republican governments were still
  in control.

106
Compromise of 1877

• Under the terms of this agreement, the Democrats
  agreed to accept the Republican presidential
  electors (thus assuring that Rutherford B. Hayes
  would become the next president), provided the
  Republicans would agree to
• Withdraw federal soldiers from their remaining
  positions in the South
• Appoint a Democrat to the presidents cabinet.

107
Samuel J. Tilden

• Following the Civil War, Tilden came to national
  attention through his efforts to throw out the
  corrupt Tweed Ring in New York City.
• Riding the crest of reform sentiment, Tilden was
  nominated for president by the Democrats in 1876.
  The infamous Disputed Election held the potential
  to touch off a national crisis, but Tilden
  instructed his followers to accept a verdict that
  was clearly counter to the voters' will.

108
Rutherford B. Hayes

• The Election of 1876 pitted him against another
  reformer Samuel J. Tilden of New York. Victory
  for Hayes came through the auspices of an
  Electoral Commission in what was probably the
  most corrupt contest in the nations history.
• He was a fairly unpopular one term president.