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The Brain

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Sense of right and wrong. Product of millions of years of evolution ... are combined into meaningful impressions and outgoing messages from the motor ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Brain


1
The Brain
2
Introduction
  • Seat of awareness
  • Place where learning, memory, and emotions are
    centered
  • Decisions are made
  • Sense of right and wrong
  • Product of millions of years of evolution
  • As new structures were added, older structures
    were retained
  • 3 layers of evolution
  • The Central Core
  • Limbic System
  • Cerebral Hemesphere

3
(No Transcript)
4
Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vg6KpIrKCDwgfeature
    PlayListp9AF11C792AC4244Cplaynext1playnext_f
    romPLindex3

5
I. The Central Core
6
A. Hindbrain
  • Hindbrain At the point where the spinal cord
    enters the skull.
  • Earliest part of the brain to evolve

7
Hindbrain
  • 1. Medula Part of the hindbrain nearest to the
    spinal cord
  • Medula controls heart rate, blood pressure, and
    breathing
  • Medula is the point at which many of the nerves
    from the body cross over on their way to and from
    hight brain centers

8
  • 2. Pons produces chemicals that help maintain
    our sleep-wake cycle
  • 3. Cerebellum little brain responsible for
    our sense of balance and for coordinating the
    bodys actions to ensure that movements go
    together in efficient sequences.
  • Damage to the cerebellum causes severe problems
    in movement, such as jerky motions and stumbling
  • http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/preview/w_3317_220.ht
    ml

9
Basal Ganglia
10
B. Midbrain
11
  • 1. Midbrain Above the cerebellum the brain stem
    widens to form the midbrain.
  • Hearing, sight and one of several places in the
    brain where pain is registered

12
C. Forebrain
  • 1. Thalamus Relay Station All sensory
    information from the lower parts of the central
    nervous system passes through the thalamus to
    higher brain centers.
  • Integrates and shapes incoming signals

13
Thalamus
14
Hypothalamus
  • 2. Hypothalamus directly below the thalamus is
    the smaller hypothalamus, which exerts an
    enormous influence on many kinds of motivation.
  • Governs hunger, thirst sexual drive and body
    temperature
  • And directly involved in emotional behavior such
    as rage, terror, and pleasure.

15
Hypothalamus
16
  • 3. Reticular Formation A netlike system of
    neurons that weaves through all of these
    structures.
  • Its main job seems to be to send Alert! signals
    to the higher parts of the brain in response to
    incoming messages.
  • During sleep the RF is turned down.
  • Anesthetics works largely by temporarily shutting
    this system off
  • Permanent damage results in a coma

17
Reticular Formation
18
II. Limbic System
  • A. Forebrain
  • 1. Limbic System a ring of loosely connected
    structure located between the central core and
    the cerebral hemisphere.
  • 2. More recent the central core and fully
    developed in mammals
  • 3. Primitive limbic system primitive behavioral
    repertoire
  • 4. Feeding, mating, attacking are fixed
  • 5. Limbic System suppresses instinctive behavior
    in humans

19
Limbic System
20
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vlZ4mdXAtnEsfeature
    PlayListp9AF11C792AC4244Cindex4playnext2pl
    aynext_fromPL

21
2 Structures of the Limbic System
  • Hippocampus Plays an essential role in forming
    new memories
  • People with damage in this area can remember
    names, faces, and events that they embedded in
    memory before they were injured , but cannot
    remember anything new. http//www.youtube.com/watc
    h?vfQ6zx_dBeasfeaturePlayListp8FF2D3B99B07C93
    Dplaynext1playnext_fromPLindex2

22
  • Amygdala Governs emotions related to self
    preservation
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?v6GdALwuYtG8
  • 35 larger in females
  • 4 Fs
  • Feeding
  • Fighting
  • Fleeing
  • Sex

23
III. The Cerebral Cortex
  • Ballooning out over and around the central core
    and the limbic system is the cerebrum.
  • 1. Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres and
    covered by a thin layer of gray matter called the
    cerebral cortex
  • 2. Cerebral Cortex is that part of the that
    processes thought, vision, language, memory and
    emotions
  • Takes up most of the room in the brain

24
  • Cerebral Cortex 80 of the weight of the human
    brain
  • 70 of the neurons in the central nervous system
  • Most recently evolved if the nervous system
  • Convolutions intricate pattern of folds, hills
    and valleys. As unique as a finger print

25
Landmarks
  • 3. Deep Cleft front to back divides the brain
    into two hemispheres
  • 4. Central Fissures Ear to ear separates the
    Primary Somatosensory Cortex from the Primary
    Motor Cortex
  • 5. Primary Somatosensory Cortex receives
    sensory messages from the entire body
  • 6. Primary Motor Cortex Sends messages from the
    brain to various muscles and glands in the body

26
  • 7. Association Areas Areas of the cerebral
    cortex where incoming messages from the separate
    senses are combined into meaningful impressions
    and outgoing messages from the motor areas are
    integrated

27
Central Fisssure
28
Deep Cleft
29
4 Lobes
30
Occipital Lobe
  • 8. Occipital Lobe Part of the cerebral
    hemisphere that receives and interprets visual
    information
  • Damage can lead to blindness

31
Primary Visual Cortex
32
Temporal Lobe
  • 9. Temporal Lobe Part of the cerebral
    hemisphere that helps regulate hearing, balance,
    and equilibrium, and certain emotions.
  • Recognizing Faces
  • Receives and processes information from the ears
  • Balance and equilibrium
  • Regulates and emotions and motivations such aas
    anxiety, pleasure, and anger
  • Understand and comprehend language (Wernickes
    Area)

33
Auditory Cortex and Wernickes Area
34
Parietal Lobe
  • 10. Parietal Lobe Part of the cerebral cortex
    that receives and sensory information from
    throughout the body.
  • Sits on top of the temporal and occipital lobes
  • Occupies the back half of the brain
  • Receives sensory information from all over the
    body from sense receptors in the skin, muscles,
    joints, internal organs, and taste buds
  • 11. Primary Somatosensory Cortex Area of the
    parietal lobe where messages from the sense
    receptors are registered.

35
Frontal Cortex
  • 12. Frontal Cortex Part of the cerebral cortex
    that is responsible voluntary movement it is
    also important for attention, goal-directed
    behavior, and appropriate emotional experience.
  • Located just behind the forehead
  • Accounts for half of the human brain
  • Receives and coordinates messages from the other
    3 lobes of the brain

36
  • Keeps track of previous and future movements of
    the body
  • Monitors and integrates complex tasks that are
    going on in the rest of the brain
  • Executive Control Center
  • 13. Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Just behind the
    eyebrows involved in problem solving tasks
  • 14. Primary Motor Cortex Voluntary action,
    behavior associated with personality, motivation,
    persistence, and affect (emotional responses),
    even character (social and moral judgment)
  • 15. Brocas Area- Process language and speech
    give us our ability to speak
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?viuPeOKeCxu8feature
    PlayListpFB13F9D06B660100index11

37
Phineas Gage
38
  • On September 13th, 1848 a man experienced a head
    trauma that enabled medicine to witness a
    historical correlation between behavior and the
    frontal part of the brain. Phineas Gage had a
    three foot iron rod pierce his skull during an
    explosion on a railroad job. The iron rod went
    clear through his skull and landed around
    twenty-five yards away. Phineas survived. Before
    the accident he was one of the most even minded
    and capable workers. After he healed he could not
    get his job back because he had become impatient,
    moody, and even profane. A computer generated
    graphic of what happened to his skull is pictured
    to the right.
  • http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp//comp
    uhighwv.com/classes/psychology/lesson02_files/Phin
    eas_Gage_CGI.jpgimgrefurlhttp//compuhighwv.com/
    classes/psychology/lesson02.htmlusg__78KnwmejVUA
    EgqbgIuAnI8WMruMh347w239sz26hlenstart1
    um1tbnidCtNvp-V5HOud9Mtbnh120tbnw83prev/
    images3Fq3Dphineas2Bgage26hl3Den26rls3Dcom.
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