Psychodynamic Theory - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 20
About This Presentation
Title:

Psychodynamic Theory

Description:

Physical bodies can adapt to the world. Humans build mental structures to aid adaptation ... Differences in cognition coincide with improved locomotive abilities. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:279
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 21
Provided by: ccc24
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Psychodynamic Theory


1
Theories of Development
  • Psychodynamic Theory
  • Epigenetic Theory
  • Genetic Epistemology
  • Cognitive-Mediation Theory
  • Individual Psychology
  • Social-Cognitive Learning Theory

2
Genetic Epistemology
  • Piaget proposed that
  • Physical bodies can adapt to the world
  • Humans build mental structures to aid adaptation
  • Humans interactive with their environment
  • Children think differently at various points in
    their development

3
Genetic Epistemology
  • Creator Jean Piaget
  • Genetic Epistemology
  • The study of the development of knowledge
  • Action Knowledge
  • Piagets theory is based on a stage approach to
    development.
  • All children pass through a series of four
    universal stages in a fixed order from birth
    through adolescence
  • Sensorimotor
  • Substage 1
  • Substage 2
  • Substage 3
  • Substage 4
  • Substage 5
  • Substage 6
  • Preoperational
  • Concrete operational
  • Formal operational

4
Genetic Epistemology
  • Movement from one stage to the next occurs
  • When a child reaches an appropriate level of
    physical maturation
  • Is exposed to relevant experiences.
  • If the child fails to receive such experiences
    then they are assumed to be incapable of reaching
    their cognitive potential.
  • The quality of these experiences is crucial.
  • Coined the term Schemes/schemas to describe the
    basic building blocks of the way we understand
    the world.
  • Class room scheme or restaurant schema in
    adulthood.

5
Genetic Epistemology
  • Assimilation the process in which people
    understand an experience in terms of their
    current stage of cognitive development and way of
    thinking. You incorporate and understand the
    world around you by accepting it using existing
    ways of thinking.
  • Accommodation changes in existing ways of
    thinking that occur in response to encounters
    with new stimuli or events. Basically you modify
    your current existing schemes with new
    contradictory knowledge.
  • Assimilation and accommodation are the two sides
    of adaptation
  • Piagets term for what most of us would call
    learning.

6
Genetic Epistemology
  • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
  • Infant uses senses and motor abilities to
    understand the world
  • Beginning with reflexes and ending with complex
    combinations of skills.
  • Learning Process
  • Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) A
    behavior/reactions is novel or feels good so they
    do it again, and again, and again.
  • Personal behavior such as sucking, making bubbles
    with mouth.
  • Secondary Circular Reactions Involves an act
    that extends out towards the environment.
  • She may squeeze a rubber ducky and it goes
    quack so she does it again and again and again.
  • Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-24 months) Same
    cycle as secondary circular reactions except with
    variation.
  • Characteristic Behaviors
  • Object Permanence Develops the ability to
    recognize that just because an object is not
    visible it does not mean it is not there.
  • Mental Representation (18 months) The ability to
    hold an image in their mind for a period beyond
    the immediate experience develops.
  • Goal Directed behavior Behavior in which several
    schemes are combined and coordinated to generate
    a single act to solve a problem.

7
Sensorimotor Substage One
  • Basic Reflexes (Birth-1 month)
  • Children enter the world equipped with a set of
    inherited action patterns and reflexes through
    which they experience their environment.
  • The intellectual development of the child begins
    through these actions.
  • This is how the child acquires knowledge about
    its surroundings.
  • Infants are restricted in what they can know.
  • Behaviors and schemata are limited.
  • Adaptation to their surroundings through
    assimilation and accommodation begins in this
    stage.

8
Sensorimotor Substage Two
  • Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)
  • The knowledge and intelligence of the infant now
    extends beyond the innate behaviors they were
    born with.
  • New acquisitions have only come about through the
    accommodation of schemata.
  • Show the first signs of learning.
  • Modifying their reflexes as a result of their
    environment.
  • Come about by a circular means
  • Actions that are at first random and activate a
    reflex are attempted again to try and induce the
    experience again.
  • The signs of intentionality have appeared.
  • Object permanence begins to develop and the
    active search for a hidden object begins.

9
Sensorimotor Substage Three
  • Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
  • Secondary circular reactions are the first
    acquired adaptations of behaviors that are not
    reflexive.
  • An infant in this stage may accidentally cause
    something interesting to happen and then seek to
    re-create the happy event.
  • The interesting events in this case are located
    in the external world.
  • In primary circular reactions the interesting
    events are occurring within the body.
  • Does not understand the aspects of cause and
    effect.
  • Will shift through many behaviors for each
    activity.

10
Sensorimotor Substage Four
  • Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions
    (8-12 months)
  • Actions from previous stage continue to develop.
  • Difference is that the need now precedes the
    act.
  • Intentionality occurs in interactions with the
    environment.
  • Infant is moving towards goal directed behavior.
  • Understanding of cause and effect relationships
    has come into being in the childs world.

11
Sensorimotor Substage Five
  • Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
  • Still characterized by a means/ends
    differentiation.
  • The infants are no longer restricted to the
    application of previously established schemata to
    obtain a goal.
  • Can make the necessary alterations to their
    schemata to solve problems
  • Reflects a process of active experimentation.
  • Differences in cognition coincide with improved
    locomotive abilities.
  • Causal inferences are still unavailable to the
    infant
  • Must see an action occur before it has any
    understanding of the causal relationship.

12
Sensorimotor Substage Six
  • Invention of new means through mental
    combinations
  • (18-24 months)
  • Symbolic function and mental representation first
    appear during this stage.
  • This runs parallel with the development of
    language.
  • Children begin to string words together in pairs.
  • The origins of sentences.

13
Piagets 6 Substages of Sensorimotor Development
14
Genetic Epistemology
  • At the end of sensorimotor stage
  • Object permanence is understood
  • Infant understands a differentiation between self
    and world
  • At around 5.5 and 6.5 months of age, an infant
    can understand simple causal factors.
  • Piagets work is criticized as
  • Being too vague
  • Underestimating infant ability
  • Being based mostly on his childrens infancy

15
Genetic Epistemology
  • Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
  • Because the child can now use mental
    representations they are now capable of
    pretending
  • Develops to the use of symbols.
  • Symbols Thing that represents something else.
  • Drawings
  • Written language
  • Spoken word can represent a dog
  • Characteristic Behaviors
  • Creative Play Checkers are cookies, papers are
    dishes, a box is a table and so on.
  • It is at this time that there develops a clear
    definition of the past and future.
  • Egocentric play The child sees things pretty
    much from one point of view His/Her Own!
  • Because of this they tend to center on one aspect
    of any problem or communication at a time.
  • They are unable to see that there are multiple
    solutions to a problem and that mommie can be
    both
  • Mom
  • Dads wife

16
Genetic Epistemology
  • Concrete Operations Stage (7-11 years)
  • Operations refers to logical operations or
    principles we use when
  • solving problems.
  • Child can now not only use symbols to represent
  • Can also manipulate those symbols logically.
  • Characteristic Behaviors
  • Law of Conservation (age 7) Most children
    develop the ability to conserve number, length,
    and liquid volume.
  • Quantity remains the same despite changes in
    appearance.
  • Reversibility If you mash up a ball of clay and
    cut it up into pieces it will still form back
    into the same ball if the pieces are mashed back
    together.

17
Piagets Conservation Task
Child is asked if (A) and (C) have the
same amount of liquid. The preoperational child
says no and will point to (C) as having more
liquid than (A).
Two identical beakers shown to child, and
then experimenter pours liquid from (B) into (C)
18
Some Dimensions of Conservation Number, Matter,
and Length
19
Genetic Epistemology
  • Formal Operations Stage (12 years)
  • The concrete operations child has a hard time
    applying his new-found logical abilities to
    non-concrete (abstract) events.
  • Characteristic Behaviors
  • Hypothetical Thinking The ability to think
    abstractly which characterizes adult thinking.

20
Genetic Epistemology
  • Information-Processing approaches Seeks to
    identify the way that individuals take in, use,
    and store information.
  • Encoding Information is initially recorded in a
    form usable to memory.
  • Storage Placement of material into memory.
  • Retrieval Material in memory storage is located,
    brought into awareness, and used.
  • __________________________________________________
    __
  • Infantile Amnesia Lack of memory for experiences
    that occurred prior to 3 years of age.
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com