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Extension Services in India: Emerging challenges and ways forward

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Title: Extension Services in India: Emerging challenges and ways forward


1
Extension Services in IndiaEmerging
challenges and ways forward
  • Rasheed Sulaiman V
  • Centre for Research on Innovation and Science
    Policy (CRISP)
  • (South Asia Rural Innovation Policy Studies Hub)
  • Hyderabad

2
Structure
  • Main arguments
  • Agricultural Extension-Evolution Current status
  • 3 cases
  • Lessons
  • Implications for extension reform

3
Main Argument 1
  • Changing nature of agriculture
  • Many of these challenges transcend the level of
    individual farms and need new forms of
    co-ordination among various actors
  • Addressing complex issues needs interaction among
    a number of actors
  • (sustainable resource use quality and
    standards enhancing competitiveness value
    addition, collective marketing)
  • Farmers need an integrated set of advice and
    services

4
Main argument 2
  • Extension should play a wider role
  • beyond technology dissemination
  • beyond price/market information group formation
  • Include addressing vulnerability and poverty,
    environmental issues, enterprise development,
    dealing with markets, financial agencies, and
    farmer organizations,
  • Build networks with all the other actors
  • Recent studies
  • Farrington et al, 2002, Berdegue and Escobar,
    2002
  • Neuchatel Group, 2002, Rivera et al, 2001,
    Leeuwis and van den Ban, 2004 Sulaiman and Hall,
    2003, 2005 APO, 2006
  • And alsolearning from on-going experiments in
    India

5
Main argument 3
  • Extension should have links with several actors
  • Beyond research (public sector research)
  • Technology users, private companies, NGOs, market
    intermediaries, financial agencies
  • Public sector extension-state Dept of Agriculture
    (DoA) (on a decline)
  • Private sector extension is expanding, though
    useful, not a substitute for public provision of
    extension

6
Main argument 4
  • Extension needs new theories/framework to
    reinvent its new mission- (systems perspectives)
  • Beyond diffusion of innovations
  • Beyond linear transfer of technology paradigm
    (R-E-F)
  • Beyond technological determinism
  • Beyond invention and transfer to innovation
    (generation, diffusion, adaptation and use of new
    knowledge)
  • Acknowledges the role of different actors and
    their interaction
  • .And also more funding and competent manpower

7
Extension system-evolution and growth
  • Phase-I
  • Evolution and expansion (1952 - late 70s)
  • Dept of Agriculture- CD,NES, IADP
  • ICAR- NDP..KVKs
  • Commodity Boards
  • Media- AIR
  • Role disseminate technologies developed by
    public sector RD (ICAR SAUs)
  • Demonstrations, farmer meetings, use of media

8
Extension system-evolution and growth
  • Phase II (strengthening)
  • Training and Visit (TV) late 70s to 80s/early
    90s
  • 18 states
  • Improved funding and manpower intensity
  • Management orientation
  • Research-extension-farmer linkages strengthened
  • Centrally designed and implemented
  • Blind to agro-climatic diversity, mixed results
  • Increasing role of NGOs and input industries

9
Extension system-evolution and growth
  • Phase III- Post TV (early 90s onwards)-decline
  • External support dried up
  • Restrictions on recruitments,
  • extension staff with additional responsibilities,
  • group approach, para extension workers, increase
    contact points
  • Vacancies in remote and interior areas
  • Expansion of KVKs
  • Increasing private sector involvement

10
Extension system-evolution and growth
  • Phase 4 (late 90s to now)
  • Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA)
    WB funding
  • Need to integrate functioning of line departments
    at the district level
  • Farmer driven / farmer accountable
  • Farmer Information and Advisory Centre, BTT,
    SAMETI
  • Pilot testing 1998-2005 ATMA set up at 28
    Districts / 7 states
  • Since 2005, model expanded to 268 districts with
    government funding
  • Agri-clinics and Agri-business scheme-since 2003
  • Extension services on payment
  • Self employment venture
  • Training and loans to set up enterprises 10503
    trained, 3000 set up
  • Media -print/television, mostly private
    initiatives, Internet
  • Expanding private sector extension provision
  • Agri-business, contract farming arrangement,
    private consultancy services, NGOs, producer
    co-operatives/farmer associations

11
Current status-Public Sector
  • Co-ordination continues to be a big problem
  • Diminishing operational support(gt85 salaries),
  • left to themselves, most states are unable to
    effectively carry out extension activities,
    several of them were able to pay the salaries of
    extension functionaries (DAC,2002)
  • poor technical background, implementation of
    schemes (gt60 time), isolated functioning,
    obsession with technology dissemination, groups
    dysfunctional and inactive, lack of flexibility
    at district level
  • Perennial vacancies in remote and distant areas

12
  • Exclusion- disadvantaged areas and small farmers,
  • Dependence on other farmers input dealers high
    (NSSO 59th round) input dealer-all in one- money
    lender, scientist, counselor and buyer (NCF)
  • Public extension alone cant meet the specific
    need of various regions and different classes of
    farmers and policy to promote private and
    community driven extension to complement,
    supplement, work in partnership and even
    substitute for public extension (DAC, 2000)

13
Current status-Private sector
  • Agri-business- ITC (e-chaupal), MSSL, TKS etc
  • contract farming-costs factored in
  • paid consultancy
  • Better service than services currently provided
    by public sector
  • Increasing willingness of farmers to pay for
    extension (48)
  • Long term capacity development/farmer education??
  • Private extension is not a substitute for a
    strong public sector extension
  • Increasing realization that producers need an
    integrated set of support to address the
    complexities
  • Extension-Plus, CREDIT-PLUS, Plus, Market-Plus

14
Case 1 Extension-Plus
  • VFPCK (Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council,
    Kerala)
  • Evolved from EU funded KHDP(1992)
  • 2001, section 25 company (50 shares-SHGs)
  • SHG-organizing unit (20-25 farmers)
  • Technology search, extension, credit, market
    development (Farmer marketing centres)
  • 5351 SHGs, 93,609 farmers, 202 FMC, Rs.50 crore
    transaction (2005-06)
  • New initiatives-vegetable and fruit super
    markets, export to Gulf countries

15
Case 2- Credit-Plus
  • BASIX (1996) promotion of sustainable livelihoods
  • Credit coupled with technical assistance and
    support services
  • 2002- Livelihood Triad Financial services,
    Ag/BDS, Institutional Development
  • Ag/BDS- productivity enhancement, risk
    mitigation, local value addition, alternate
    market linkages
  • Cluster based, sub-sector, credit-plus approach
  • Opportunities in the value chain
  • Collaborates with various agencies in the value
    chain-loans, technical and market assistance,
    institutional development

16
Case 3- Market-Plus
  • IDEI (International Development Enterprise,
    India)- creating a sustainable market
  • Project in Orissa-linking tribal producers to
    high value markets through value
    addition(2002-2004)
  • Value addition is a potential option, but would
    require developing strong linkages at various
    levels (markets, intermediaries, users,
    technology suppliers, researchers, grass-root
    facilitating organisations)
  • Coalition project-IDEI, OUAT and CCD(NGO)
  • Technology adaptation to meet local context
    (SHGs)
  • More partners as the project progressed
  • Pineapple juice-OMFED-6 tonnes- increase in
    prices-more employment-5 SHGs (25 womenX10 days)
  • Processing plant- proposal yet to get funding
  • New products-experimented and tested

17
Lessons
  • Broader support to the rural poor ()
  • Knowledge on technology is only one component
  • technological non-technological
  • Partnership-Key organizing principle
  • Learning-experimentation and learning from
    failure
  • VFPCK-farmer markets, credit package for lease
    land farmers, exports
  • Ag/BDS-evolved through experimentation,
    Livelihood Triad based on first 5 years work
  • IDEI-new ways of addressing issues of hygine,
    developing and testing new products, new partners
  • Institutions (habits and practices) matter

18
Implications for extension reform
  • New goals for extension
  • developing the capacity of producers to deal with
    evolving challenges
  • New framework for planning
  • -eg innovation systems
  • Partnership - learn the skills by doing
  • Institutional learning and change
  • Technical and Institutional innovations
  • Funding and manpower
  • Public goods, separate funding and delivery

19
Agricultural Innovation System-actors
20
Conlusions
  • Broaden the mandate
  • Broaden the skills base
  • Reconfigure patterns of interaction
  • Learning based approach
  • Plus- Collaboration between extension, credit and
    market

21
Thanks
  • www.innovationstudies.org
  • www.crispindia.org
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