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Title: GLY 150: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Spring 2003, Lecture


1
GLY 150 Earthquakes and VolcanoesSpring 2003,
Lecture 1
  • 01/13/2005

Puu O o Lava Pond, Kilauea, Hawaii
http//hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1992t
o1994.html
2
AnnouncementsGLY 150 Earthquakes and Volcanoes
  • There will always be a slide listing class
    announcements at the beginning of lecture
  • Exam notices, homework information, lecture
    information, etc. will be included.
  • Lecture notes will be available after class
  • (without figures which can be viewed during
    the instructors office hours)
  • A map of recent earthquakes and volcanic events
    will can be seen on the class web page.
    Discussion of any of these events may help with
    journal assignments

3
Class DiscussionGLY 150 Earthquakes and
Volcanoes
  • Review and relate various concepts presented in
    texts and lectures (test questions will be
    derived from the texts, lectures, and
    discussions)
  • Discussion of recent seismic and volcanic events
  • Dont be afraid to ask questions or make comments
    the class will be more fun if we discuss
    current events

4
Magnitude CriteriaEarthquakes Spring 2005
  • Great (devastating) M 8
  • 0.3/yr w/ M 8.5 1.1/yr w/ M 8.0-8.4
  • Major (extremely destructive) 7
  • 3.1/yr w/ M 7.5-7.9 15/yr w/ M 7.0-7.4
  • Strong (destructive) 6
  • 56/yr w/ M 6.5-6.9 210/yr w/ M 6.0-6.4
  • Moderate (damaging) 5
  • 800/yr
  • Light (not generally damaging) 4
  • 6,200/yr
  • Minor (not generally damaging) 3
  • 49,000
  • Micro (generally not felt) M
  • 300,000/yr w/ M 2.0-2.9 700,000/yr w/ M
    0-1.9

blue
N.A.
tsunami
fatalities
countable aftershocks
EQ swarm
local interest
5
Magnitude CriteriaVolcanic Eruptions Spring
2005
  • Cataclysmic (12 hrs) VEI 6-8
  • 39 known VEI 6, 4 known VEI 7, 0 known VEI
    8
  • Very Large (1 - 12 hrs) VEI 5
  • 84 known VEI 5
  • Large (Explosive to severe w/ definite
    stratospheric injection, 1 - 12 hrs) VEI 4
  • 278 known VEI 4
  • Moderately Large (Explosive w/ possible
    stratospheric injection, 1-12 hrs) VEI 3
  • 869 known VEI 3
  • Moderate (Effusive-Explosive, 1-12 hrs) VEI 2
  • 3477 known VEI 2
  • Small (Effusive, 1 hr) VEI 1
  • Non-explosive (Gently effusive) VEI 0

red
orange
green
denotes fatalities
From Table 3, Chapter 9, Decker Decker, 1998
tsunami
6
Events this QuarterSpring 2003
7
The Earth From Space
8
Plate Tectonics
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological
Survey
http//earthquake.usgs.gov/4teachers/index.html
9
Earthquakes and VolcanoesNatural Disasters
  • Civilization exists by geological consent,
    subject to change without notice
  • Will Durant
  • Infrastructure, economies, life, utilities,
    businesses, landscapes, housing, manufacturing,
    transportation (air, river, ground), climate,
    commerce, environment, etc.

10
Worldwide Distribution of Earthquakes
11
Earthquake Hazards WorldwideGround Shaking
12
Earthquake Hazards in the U.S.Ground Shaking
http//geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/html/natlmap.html
(similar to Fig. 4.43 Pipkin and Trent)
13
Earthquake HazardsGround Rupture Deformation
1906 San Francisco Earthquake, Pt. Reyes,
California
1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake
14
1906 San Francisco Earthquake
San Francisco Row Houses (note fire in background)
San Francisco City Hall
Memorial Church, Stanford University
http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/mainmeta.shtml
15
Earthquake HazardsGround Shaking
1995 Kobe, Japan Earthquake
1989 Loma Prieta, California Earthquake
KGO-TV News ABC-7
Parking Structure
1994 Northridge, California Earthquake
http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/seg/m2h?seg/
16
Earthquake HazardsGround Shaking
1994 Northridge, California Earthquake
1994 Northridge, California Earthquake
1989 Loma Prieta, California Earthquake
http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/seg/m2h?seg/
17
2000 Republic Day Earthquake, Bhuj, India
  • Mw 7.7
  • At least 20,005 killed 166,836 injured
  • 339,000 building destroyed 783,000 damaged
  • Many roads and bridges damaged in Gujarat Province

The Cities
The Villages
18
Earthquake HazardsGround Rupture
http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/seg/m2h?seg/haz_v
olume1.menFaults,I13
1983 Borah Peak, Idaho
12-inch ruler
1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake
19
Worldwide Distribution of Tsunami Producing Plate
Boundaries
Fig. 2.2 Bolt, 1999
20
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
21
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
22
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
23
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
24
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
25
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
26
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
27
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
28
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
29
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
30
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
31
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
32
Worldwide Distribution of Volcanoes
33
Volcanic Hazards in the United States
Subduction Zone
Continental Hot Spot Track Yellowstone Hot Spot
Alaska and Hawaii
Fig. 5.2 Pipkin Trent, 2001
34
Lava Fountaining
Mt. Etna, Italy, August 5, 1997.
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Puu Oo Eruption 1983
to Present
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Tephra/
35
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii A Typical Rift Eruption
Lava flows through the forest
Channel Flow
Puu O o Eruption 1983 to Present
http//hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1983t
o1986.html
36
Types of LavaPahoehoe
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/
  • Smooth, hummocky, or ropy texture
  • Typically advances as a series of small lobes and
    toes that continually break out from cooled crust

Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
37
Tree Molds
  • Kilauea Volcano,
  • Hawaii

http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/
38
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii A Typical Rift Eruption
Lava deltas and new land
Puu O o Eruption, 1983 to Present
http//hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1992t
o1994.html
39
Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism
Tube Worms
  • Hot magma near the surface induces hydrothermal
    circulation of water and the formation of
    hydrothermal vents

CoAxial Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Black Smoker
http//www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/coax/coax.html
40
Mount Saint Helens, WashingtonBefore and After
the May 18,1980 Eruption
http//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Photo/SlideSet/ljt_slide
set.html
41
Mount Saint Helens, WashingtonMay 18,1980
Eruption
I
III
II
IV
V
42
Mount Saint Helens, WashingtonMay 18,1980
Eruption Lateral Blast
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/Effects/MSHsurge
_effects.html
http//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Blowdown/
43
Volcanic HazardsLandslides and Lahars
Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Columbia
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/Ruiz
Lahars.html
A lahar destroyed the town of Armero, November
13, 1985
Casita Volcano collapsed on October 30, 1998, the
day of peak rainfall as Hurricane Mitch moved
across Central America
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/Casi
taLahar.html
44
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii A Typical Rift Eruption
Lava Repaves the landscape
Puu O o Eruption 1983 to Present
  • There goes the neighborhood, literally

http//wwwhvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/19
83to1986.html
45
Volcanic HazardsLava Flows
Visitors Center at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
(Kilauea Volcano)
http//wwwhvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/19
86to1991.html
46
Volcanic HazardsAsh
Space Shuttle Image Image Rabaul Caldera
Eruption Cloud
Eruption Column
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Pinatubo/
Clark Air Force Base, Philippines 1991 Eruption
of Mt. Pinatubo
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/
Redoubt Volcano, Alaska
http//www.avo.alaska.edu/avo4/atlas/volc/redou/ph
oto.htm
47
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii A Typical Rift Eruption
The lava entry
  • Produces a steam plume and VOG (acidic)

Puu O o Eruption, 1983 to Present
http//hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986t
o1991.html
48
Volcanic HazardsVolcanic Gas
Mammoth Mountain, Long Valley Caldera, California
1986, Lake Nyos, Cameroon
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