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Skeletal Articulations

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... tissue known as fascia surrounds muscles and bundles of fibers within muscle. ... of the body as an aspect of fitness, rehabilitation and athletic performance. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Skeletal Articulations


1
Skeletal Articulations
  • Anatomical Kinesiology

2
Classification of Joints
  • Synarthroses (immovable) (syn together, arthron
    joint) Fibrous joints can absorb shock but
    permit little or no movement. Sutures and
    Syndesmoses.

3
Classification of Joints
  • Amphiarthroses (slightly immovable) (amphi on
    both sides) Cartilaginous joints absorbs shock
    permits limited movement. Synchrondrosis,
    Symphyses.

4
Classification of Joints
  • Diarthroses or synovial (freely movable)
    (diarthroses through joint indicating only
    slight limitations to movement capability).

5
Characteristics of Diarthrodial Joints
  • Articular cavity is present.
  • Articular cartilage covers articulating bone
    surfaces.
  • Joint is enclosed in an articular capsule

6
Characteristics of Diarthrodial Joints
  • The joint is lined with synovial membrane that
    secretes synovial fluid which lubricates
    nourishes.
  • Whenever soft structures are frequently submitted
    to frictional rubbing on bony protuberance, may
    find bursae, small capsules lined with synovial
    membrane and filled with synovial fluid that
    cushion bones they separate.

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8
Characteristics of Diarthrodial Joints
  • Another structure often associated with
    diarthrodial joints is tendon sheath. Tendons
    surrounded by cylindrical sac consisting of two
    layers of synovial membrane enclosing a cavity
    with synovial fluid.

9
Categories of Diarthrodial Joints
  • Gliding, Arthrodial, Plane.
  • Nonaxial Allows sliding Articulating
    surfaces are nearly flat. Intermetatarsal,
    intercarpal, intertarsal, facet joints of
    vertebrae.

10
Categories of Diarthrodial Joints
  • Hinge, Ginglymus.
  • Uniaxial Allows flexion and extension One
    articulating surface is spool-like (convex),
    other is concave. Elbow, interphalangeal,
    talocrural joint of the ankle.

11
Categories of Diarthrodial Joints
  • Pivot, Screw, Trochoid.
  • Uniaxial Allows rotation Peglike pivot, as in
    joint between atlas and axis, or two long bones
    rolling around one another.

12
Categories of Diarthrodial Joints
  • Condyloid, Ovoid, Ellipsoid.
  • Biaxial Movement forward backward and side to
    side Oval convex fits into reciprocal concave.
    2nd thru 5th metacarpal-phalangeal joints.

13
Categories of Diarthrodial Joints
  • Saddle, Sellar.
  • Biaxial Permits flexion, extension, abduction,
    adduction, and circumduction both ends of convex
    surface tipped to fit into reciprocal concave
    surface. Thumb.

14
Categories of Diarthrodial Joints
  • Ball Socket, Spheroidal, Enarthrodial.
  • Triaxial Spherical head of one bone fits into
    cup of the other bone. Hip, Shoulder.

15
Categories of Diarthrodial Joints
16
Planes of Motion
  • Sagittal

2. Frontal
3. Transverse
17
Articular Cartilage
  • Functions 1) spreads loads at joint over wider
    area, and 2) allows movement with minimal
    friction and wear
  • Characteristics soft, porous,
  • and permeable tissue that is
  • hydrated.

18
Articular Fibrocartilage
  • Possible Roles distribution of loads,
    improvement of fit, limitation of translation,
    protection of periphery of joint, lubrication,
    shock absorption.
  • Tissue characteristics
  • soft-tissue discs or
  • menisci

19
Articular Connective Tissue
  • Tendons extensible, slightly elastic, not
    contractile
  • Connect muscles to bones

20
Articular Connective Tissue
  • Ligaments extensible, slightly elastic, not
    contractile
  • Connect bones to bones

21
Joint Stability
  • Shape of Articulating Bone Surfaces.
  • Arrangement of Ligaments and Muscles.
  • Other Connective Tissues.

22
Shape of ArticulatingBone Surfaces
Although most joints have reciprocally shaped
articulating surfaces, these surfaces are not
symmetrical and there is one position of best fit.
Close-packed joint orientation contact between
surfaces is maximum.
Loose-packed any other joint orientation.
Ligaments tend to be slack.
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24
Arrangement of Ligaments and Muscles
Ligaments are discrete from joint capsule tough,
flexible, and somewhat elastic. Stress, if
prolonged, may cause stretching. If
overstretched, may never regain normal length.
Muscle arrangement usually pulls bones of joint
together, enhancing joint stability.
25
Other Connective Tissue
  • White fibrous connective tissue known as fascia
    surrounds muscles and bundles of fibers within
    muscle. The iliotibial band is fascia that
    crosses the lateral aspect of the knee.
  • Skin on the exterior of body contributes to joint
    integrity.

26
Joint Mobility
  • Joint flexibility a term representing the
    relative range of motion allowed at a joint.
  • Range of motion (ROM) angle through which a joint
    moves from
  • anatomical position to the
  • extreme limit of segment
  • motion in a particular
  • direction.

27
Joint Mobility
  • By definition, a joint is mobile. However, a
    joint must be sufficiently stable.
  • Every joint finds a balance between mobility and
    stability.
  • The more mobile a joint is, the less stable it
    is.
  • Therefore mobility and stability are antagonistic
    concepts more of one means less of the other.

28
Joint Mobility
Joint ROM is measured directionally in units of
degrees.
Flexion is from starting position to maximal
flexed position.
Extension is return to anatomical position.
Hyperextension is movement beyond the starting
point.
29
Joint Mobility
Methods to Measure Joint ROM
Double armed goniometer one arm stationary
other moveable.
Leighton flexometer device attaches to a moving
body segment.
Electrogoniometer potentiometer located at axis
of rotation sends electrical current to recorder
as change joint position.
30
Leighton flexometer
The Leighton Flexometer is a highly accurate, 360
degree, gravity type goniometer designed
specifically for measuring the flexibility of
major segmental movements of the body as an
aspect of fitness, rehabilitation and athletic
performance. It has a fully adjustable strap
attached allowing it to be fixed to virtually any
part of the body to provide many different
measurements. The unit consists of a twin
rotating dial construction with ingenious locking
mechanisms to ensure easy and accurate
measurements.
31
Electrogoniometer
32
Flexibility Injury
Is heightened when joint flexibility is extremely
high, extremely low, or significantly imbalanced
between dominant and nondominant sides of body.
Risk of Injury
Reduced flexibility with aging is primarily a
function of decreased activity.
33
Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility
  • Stretch (myotatic) Reflex
  • Muscle spindles stimulated by muscle lengthening
    (passive stretch) cause muscle to contract when
    stretched
  • Golgi tendon organs stimulated by active muscle
    contraction or passive muscle stretch cause
    relaxation after 5 to10 seconds of passive
    stretch
  • Reciprocal inhibition antagonist muscle relaxes
    when the agonist contracts.
  • Autogenic Inhibition antagonist muscle relaxes
    following its own contraction

34
Stretching
35
Common Joint Injuries
  • Sprain stretch or tear of ligaments and
    connective tissues.
  • Strain stretch or tear of muscle or tendon
  • Dislocation displacement of articulating bones.
  • Bursitis frictional irritation inflammation of
    bursae.
  • Arthritis pathology involving joint
    inflammation.
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis autoimmune disorder,
    thickening synovial membranes.
  • Osteoarthritis non-inflammatory degenerative
    arthritis.
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