Temporal trends in adults sports participation patterns in England between 1997 and 2006: The Health

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Temporal trends in adults sports participation
patterns in England between 1997 and 2006 The
Health Survey for England

• Emmanuel Stamatakis1, Moushumi Chaudhury1
• 1 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,
  UCL
• Br J Sports Med 200801-8. doi10.1136/bjsm.2008.
  04082

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What am I going to talk about

• Introduction
• Data
• Measurements
• Sports and exercise groupings
• Statistical analysis
• Results
• Trends in participation overall and particular
  sports
• Conclusion

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Introduction What we already know

• Participating in PA shown to reduce many chronic
  conditions e.g. Ischaemic heart disease, type II
  diabetes, obesity, certain cancers
• Adults are recommended that on at least five days
  a week, they should be active at moderate or
  greater intensity for at least 30 minutes a day1
• Additional benefits of sports and exercise
  (SPEX)?
• enhanced social well being, general sense of
  belonging, lower employment less crime and
  stronger community cohesion

1 Donaldson L. At least five a week evidence on
the impact of physical activity and its
relationship to health. A report from the Chief
Medical Officer. Department of Public Health,
London, 2004
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Definitions

• Physical activity - any bodily movement produced
  by skeletal muscles that results in energy
  expenditure above resting level. This broad
  definition involves virtually all types of
  activity like walking, cycling, dance,
  gardening, housework and sports
• Sports - is an activity that is governed by a set
  of rules or customs and often engaged in
  competitively
• Exercise - Exercise is physical activity that is
  planned, structured, and repetitive for the
  purpose of conditioning any part of the body

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Objective

• To examine temporal trends in participation in
• sports and exercise activities in England between
  
• 1997 and 2006,taking into account wider societal
• changes

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Data

• Health Survey for England (HSfE) 1997/98 2003/04,
  2006
• Nationally representative annual cross-sectional
  study
• Face-to-face interview
• Analyses conducted on 60,938 adults aged 16
  over
• Men n 27 217
• Women n 33 721

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Measurements data collected on

• Physical activity (questionnaire)
• Sports and exercise (SPEX) - response from show
  cards
• Questions on age, sex, ethnicity, social class,
  income, education, smoking habits, self-reported
  health, car ownership
• Body mass index (BMI) W/H2

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Sports and exercise grouping

• Individual spex
• Swimming, dancing, cycling running
• Grouped spex
• Team sports e.g. football/rugby, netball,
  volleyball
• Racquet sports e.g. badminton/tennis, squash
• Gym/fitness club based e.g. gym workout, weight
  training, keep fit, aerobics

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Show card example

• CARD O
• Swimming
• Cycling
• Workout at a gym / Exercise bike / Weight
• Aerobics / Keep fit / Gymnastics / Dance for
  fitness
• Any other type
• Running / Jogging
• Football / Rugby
• Badminton / Tennis
• Squash
• Exercises (e.g. press-ups, sit-ups)
• Please also include teaching, coaching and
  training/ practice session

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Definition of any and regular sports and exercise
participation (SPEX)

• Any SPEX participation
• At least once in the previous 4 weeks in any spex
  grouping
• Regular SPEX participation
• At least once a week in any spex grouping

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Statistical analyses

• Age-standardised sports and exercise rates and
  95 CI by time point (1997/8 combined, 2003/4
  combined, 2006)
• Data driven
• Logistic regression models
• Step 1 Merge HSfE data
• Step2 X2 test
• Step 3Develop several sex-specific multiple LR
  models

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Table 1a Characteristics of the sample by survey
year
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Table 1b Characteristics of the sample by survey
year
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(No Transcript)
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Figure 1 Age-standardised and multivariable-adjus
ted odds for any and regular sports and exercise
participation in 2003/04 and 2006 (compared with
the 1997/98 referent time point). Adults aged 16
and over living in England
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Table 2 Age-std participation rates between
1997/8 2006 adults aged 16 years living in
England
Using 1997/8 as the ref time point adjusted for
ethnicity, social class, income, education,
obesity status, car ownership, smoking status,
general health, occupational activity, and
non-sporting/non-occupational physical activity
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Table 2 Age-std participation rates between
1997/8 2006 adults aged 16 years living in
England
Using 1997/8 as the ref time point adjusted for
ethnicity, social class, income, education,
obesity status, car ownership, smoking status,
general health, occupational activity, and
non-sporting/non-occupational physical activity
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Adjusted for ethnicity, social class, income,
education, obesity status, car ownership, smoking
status, general health, occupational activity,
and non-sporting/non-occupational physical
activity . At least once in the last 4 weeks.
At lest once/week on average
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Figure 2a Multivariable-adjusted odds for
regular participation in sport and exercise
groupings in 2003/04 and 2006 (compared with the
1997/98 referent time point). Men aged 16 to 29
living in England
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Figure 2b Multivariable-adjusted odds for regular
participation in sport and exercise groupings in
2003/04 and 2006 (compared with the 1997/98
referent time point). Women aged 16 to 29 living
in England.
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Figure 3a Age-standardised odds for regular
sports and exercise participation in 2003/04 and
2006 (compared with the 1997/98 referent time
point). Men aged 16 and over living in England.
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Figure 3b Age-standardised odds for regular
sports and exercise participation in 2003/04 and
2006 (compared with the 1997/98 referent time
point). Women aged 16 and over living in England
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Main Findings

• Age std overall regular participation increased
• Men 40.8 to 41.2 (1997/98 to 2006)
• Women 31.2 to 33.9 (1997/98 to 2006)
• Regular G/FC increased
• 17.0 to 19.0 for men (1997/98 to 2006)
• 15.9 to 18.7 for women (1997/98 to 2006)
• Regular running increased for women only
• 2.4 to 4.0 (1997/98 to 2006)
• Overall increases were apparent in older adults
  (45years)
• Increase in participation among men from non
  manual social class, higher income households and
  white ethnic background

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Conclusions

• This is the first time trend analysis of SPEX in
  England
• Overall regular SPEX in England has increased
  between 1997 and 2006
• Middle aged and older adults show, main increase
  individual activity, e.g. gym/ fitness clubs
• Bad news! Younger male adults (16-29years) shows
  decrease in all sports e.g. cycling, swimming,
  running and racquet sports

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Conclusions

• There are no signs that the participation between
  lower and higher socioeconomic strata and between
  white and ethnic minority groups is narrowing.
• Therefore sports promoting and health policy
  efforts
• should focus on these groups and try to expand
• participation.

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Future work

• Better understanding of the mechanisms behind the
  success story of middle-aged and older adults
• HSfE 2007 I am looking at Knowledge of
  Attitudes to physical activity (results due out
  December 2008)
• HSfE 2008 first time Objective measurements
• Step test
• Accelerometer

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Limitations of this study Did not use but extra

• Self reported PA measures
• Cycling questions only asked for any purpose
• Decline in survey response
• Lack of statistical power

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Strength of this study Did not use but extra
information

• Up to date information
• Large nationally representative samples
• High survey response
• Continuous data collection,
• Presentation of age std data and adjustment of
  our data to a plethora of SES, demographic, non
  sporting PA activities