EU, NATO, AND THE POLITICS OF CONDITIONALITY

1
EU, NATO, AND THE POLITICS OF CONDITIONALITY

• Angel Angelov

2
STRUCTURE OF THE LECTURE

• I Introduction to Conditionality
• II Enlargement Conditionality
• III The EU and NATO Enlargement Conditionality

3
I INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONALITY
I. INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONALITY II. Enlargement
Conditionality III. EU and NATO Conditionality

• Definitions
• Generations
• Characteristics

4
1. DEFINITION
I. INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONALITY 1. Definition
2.Generations of Conditionality 3.
Characteristics of Conditionality

• The law of conditionality
• Whatever comes into existence does so in
  dependence on conditions, and in the absence of
  those conditions ceases to exist.
• (Sangharakshita, A Guide to the Buddhist Path)
• A new world order can be created, and
  development aid, by its conditionality, is one of
  the instruments to do so.
• (Peter Uvin, Do as I Say, Not as I do The
  Limits of Political Conditionality)

5
1. DEFINITION
I. INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONALITY 1. Definition
2.Generations of Conditionality 3.
Characteristics of Conditionality

• I will provide you with x on a condition you do
  y
• The idea - old as politics itself
• Recent addition to the lexicon of IR

6
1. DEFINITION
I. INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONALITY 1. Definition
2.Generations of Conditionality 3.
Characteristics of Conditionality

• The use of fulfilment of stipulated political
  obligations as a prerequisite for obtaining
• economic aid
• debt relief
• most-favoured nation status
• access to subsidized credit
• membership in desired regional or global
  organizations

7
2. GENERATIONS OF CONDITIONALITY
I. INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONALITY 1. Definition
2.Generations of Conditionality 3.
Characteristics of Conditionality

• A. First generation
• Economic conditionality
• B. Second generation
• Political conditionality

8
A. First generation of Conditionality
I. INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONALITY 1. Definition
2.Generations of Conditionality 3.
Characteristics of Conditionality

• Late 1970s - economic crisis in the Third World
• Reasons - excessive government spending,
  over-valued currencies, etc.
• Prescription - domestic economic reforms
• Economic reforms - condition for assistance

9
B. Second generation of conditionality
I. INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONALITY 1. Definition
2.Generations of Conditionality 3.
Characteristics of Conditionality

• The end of the Cold War
• Democracy and human rights - primary concern in
  development
• Free markets and free elections - essence of aid
• Development aid - dependent on political reforms

10
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONDITIONALITY
I. INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONALITY 1. Definition
2.Generations of Conditionality 3.
Characteristics of Conditionality

• Power asymmetry
• Demanders availability of alternative sources
• Donors necessity for interaction with the
  demander
• Elaboration of the conditions
• Demanders commitment to reform

11
II ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
I. Introduction to Conditionality II. ENLARGEMENT
CONDITIONALITY III. EU and NATO Conditionality

• Enlargement conditionality
  3rd generation of conditionality
• Rational
• Limitations

12
ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY 3rd GENERATION OF
CONDITIONALITY

• II. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Enlargement Conditionality 3rd Generation
• Rational
• Limitations

• Triggering factors
• Financial crisis in the Third World
• First generation
• End of the Cold War
• Second generation
• NATO and EU post-Cold war enlargements
• Third generation

13
1. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY AS A THIRD
GENERATION OF CONDITIONALITY

• II. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Enlargement Conditionality as a 3rd Generation
• Rational
• Limitations

• Focus
• First generation
• economic conditions
• Second generation
• brought in the human rights consideration
• Third generation
• full package

14
1. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY AS A THIRD
GENERATION OF CONDITIONALITY

• II. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Enlargement conditionality as a 3rd generation
• Rational
• Limitations

• Features of the enlargement conditionality
• 1990s - beyond a simple listing of membership
  criteria
• Complex and elaborated system of conditions
• Extensive and institutionalized monitoring

15
1. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY AS A THIRD
GENERATION OF CONDITIONALITY

• II. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Enlargement Conditionality as a 3rd Generation
• Rational
• Limitations

• Goals
• Previous generations
• more immediate results
• Enlargement conditionality
• longer term perspective and sustainability

16
1. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY AS A THIRD
GENERATION OF CONDITIONALITY

• II. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Enlargement Conditionality as a 3rd Generation
• Rational
• Limitations

• Better equipped for bringing and sustaining
  reforms
• The benefits associated with membership
• sufficiently large as to induce far-reaching
  concessions

17
2. RATIONAL

• II. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Enlargement Conditionality as a 3rd Generation
• Rational
• Limitations

• Justifying rejection
• Ensuring the contribution potential of the
  newcomers
• Protection of the clubs basic values and
  interests
• Motivating particular set of reforms in the
  candidates

18
3. LIMITATIONS

• II. ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Enlargement Conditionality as a 3rd Generation
• Rational
• Limitations

• Geographical limitation
• Temporal limitation

19
III EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY

• Membership conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

I. Introduction to Conditionality II. Enlargement
Conditionality III. EU and NATO ENLARGEMENT
CONDITIONALITY
20
1. MEMBERSHIP CONDITIONALITY

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Rational
• Characteristics

• A. EU membership conditionality
• B. NATO membership conditionality

21
A. EU membership conditionality

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Rational
• Characteristics
• Limitations

• Copenhagen conditions
• democracy and protection of human and minority
  rights
• a functioning market economy
• implementation of the acqui
• Fourth basic condition
• good neighbourliness (Agenda 2000 )

22
B. NATO membership conditionality

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

• Study on NATO Enlargement
• Functioning democratic political system
• Market economy
• Democratic civil-military relations
• Minority protection
• Good-neighbourliness
• Ability to provide a military contribution and
  achieve interoperability

23
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT
CONDITIONALITY

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

• Power asymmetry
• Is there a power asymmetry between EU/NATO and
  the applicants?
• Demanders availability of alternative sources
• Are there available alternatives to the EU/NATO
  membership?
• Donors necessity for a particular interaction
  with the demander
• Is there a lack of an urgent need for EU/NATO to
  enlarge?
• Elaboration of the conditions
• Are EU and NATO imposing conditions unilaterally?
  
• Demanders commitment to reform
• Could the applicants have undertaken the required
  reforms if EU/NATO membership was not conditioned
  on them?

24
Is there a power asymmetry?

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

• Carrot and stick approach
• Carrot - positive conditionality
• If you do x we provide you with y
• membership - encourages a peaceful transformation
  of the social, political and military systems
• Stick - negative conditionality
• If you do not do x we will not provide you with
  y
• denial of membership
• Carrot and stick approach significant power
  asymmetry

25
Are there available alternatives to the
membership in EU/NATO?

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

• Membership affiliations during and after the Cold
  War
• In economic terms - EU membership is the most
  attractive option
• A dangerous security vacuum
• Russia - not in a position, nor requested to
  assist
• Neutrality is not an option
• Membership in NATO the most reliable option

26
Is there a lack of an urgent need for EU/NATO to
enlarge?

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

• No enthusiasm for big bang enlargement
• Significant mismatch between demand and supply

27
Are EU and NATO imposing conditions
unilaterally?

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

• NATO alone sets the conditions and the timetable
  for the accession
• The applicants excluded from the
  decision-making
• Partnership for Peace / Stability Pact for SEE
• Take it or leave it

28
Could the applicants have undertaken the
reforms if membership was not conditioned on
them?

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

• At its best- form of paternalism
• At its worst - imposes an alien agenda
• Problem of timing

29
3. RATIONAL OF THE NATO ENLARGEMENT
CONDITIONALITY

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

• Justifying rejection
• - keep the unwanted applicants away
• Ensuring contribution potential of the newcomers
• - sensibility on the inclusion of free riders

30
3. RATIONAL OF THE NATO ENLARGEMENT
CONDITIONALITY

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

• Protection of the clubs basic values and
  interests
• - widening should not obstruct deepening
• Motivating particular set of reforms
• - enlargement is one the most influential
  foreign policy instruments

31
3. LIMITATIONS TO THE NATO ENLARGEMENT
CONDITIONALITY

• III. EU AND NATO ENLARGEMENT CONDITIONALITY
• Membership Conditionality
• Characteristics
• Rational
• Limitations

• Geographical limitation
• limited to the North-Atlantic area
• Temporal limitation
• limited to the awarding of membership

32
CONCLUSION
I. Introduction to Conditionality II. Enlargement
Conditionality III. EU and NATO Enlargement
conditionality

• Effective environment shaping instrument
• Reasons
• functions in an environment of power asymmetry
• has no viable alternative
• the demand of membership exceeds the supply
• many reforms are triggered by EUs and NATOs
  carrot and stick approach