Economic Development of Japan

1
Economic Development of Japan
No.2 Edo Period
2
PP.16-17
II. Samurais Rule
III. Modern-ization
I. Emperors Rule
IV. Postwar
1603
X
WAR
1867
Rapid recovery and growth
NARA Centralization
MEIJI Westernization,industrialization,militaril
ization
EDO Tokugawa Shogunate
KAMAKURAMUROMACHISENGOKU
HEIAN
671
Jinshin War
Nobles,Decentralization
Taika Reform
645
Internal wars, dynamic fluid society
Peace, isolation, conservative class society
Clan fights
Hunting gathering
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
WEST!!!
Chinese culture political system
WEST guns Christianity
US occupation1945-52
Rice
Buddhism
3
The Early Age of Samurai, 12c to 16c(Kamakura??,
Muromachi??, and Sengoku?? period)

• Internal fights for dominance continued--samurai
  were real fighters and protectors of land.
• Religion for self-discipline, pragmatism and
  coping with life-or-death situation emerged (Zen
  Buddhism?).
• Society was dynamic and fluid. Power, not family
  name, mattered.

• External trade was active foreign invasion and
  piracy were also carried out.

Major daimyos
Other daimyos
Sengoku Daimyos spheres of influence around
1570 (just before reunification)
4
Transition from Sengoku to Edo(Late 16c to early
17c)
P.22
Oda Nobunaga (1534-82), merciless fighter????
Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-98), witty operator????
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616), patient winner????

• Daimyos direct rule of land and farmers was
  established (removal of middle powers such as
  influential temples, manors, landlords).
• Rigid separation of samurai and farmers
• --Kenchi ??(land survey and registration) ?
  creation of family farms
• --Katanagari ??(confiscation of all arms from
  non-samurai classes)
• --All samurai required to live in castle town,
  receive rice salary
• --All farmers required to live in villages, till
  allotted land, and pay rice tax

5
The Late Age of Samurai, 17c to mid 19c(Edo
period)

• Tokugawa family ruled for 264 years (15 shoguns).
• Daimyos were ranked, and given land to rule in
  exchange for loyalty and submission. Agro-based
  feudalism and tax systems were installed.
• Peace was restored and samurai became urban
  bureaucrats.

• Foreign travel and private trade were banned.
  Bakufu monopolized limited trade with China
  Netherlands.

Bakufus direct rule
Tokugawa relatives original retainers
Other daimyos
Daimyos assigned lands in 1664 (early Edo
period)
Numbers show size of han (x10,000 koku)
6
Samurai Glossary
7
Bakuhan Taisei (Bakufu-Han System)????
PP.23-25
--Feudalism--Class societySeparation of
rulers and ruled
?
How to keep daimyos obedient--Seppuku
termination of family--Limits on military
capability (e.g. one castle)--Relocation
downsizing of hans at will--Sankin kotai
(bi-annual residence in Edo)--Assignment of
charges and public works
?
?
?
8
Pre-conditions for Industrial Take-off
P.23

• Political unity and stability
• Agricultural development and commercialization
• Development of transportation and nationally
  unified markets
• Rise of commerce, finance and wealthy merchant
  class
• Rise of pre-modern manufacturing
• Industrial promotion by local governments
• High level of education

Samurai police and merchants
City girls
Daimyo in his castle
9
Agriculture Positive vs Negative Aspects
PP.25-28

• Village autonomy and family farming
• Acreage rose then stabilized, productivity rose
  continuously
• Technology and knowledge improved over time
• As commercial crops increased, rich farmers
  emerged
• Farmers were tied to land and had to pay heavy
  (?) tax
• Famine, discontent with policy/officials led to
  ikki (farmers rebellion)

Source Hayami Miyamoto, 1988.
10
Budget, Money and Inflation
PP.28-30

• Economy shifted from rice to cash crop,
  agro-processing and commerce, but revenue
  continued to be based on rice tax
• Bakufu and han governments launched reforms and
  industrial promotion to cope with budget crisis
  (only some succeeded)
• Bakufu monopolized foreign trade, but Matsumae,
  Tsushima and Satsuma Han also had foreign contact
• Inflation accelerated in late Edo period due to
  (i) debasement of gold, (iii) foreign trade, and
  (iii) famine (entire period)

Output Tax on Bakufu Land
11
Rich Merchants in Edo Period (Gosho)
Sumitomo Family -16c Adopt Western copper
refining, copper trade (Kyoto)-17c Move to
Osaka -Besshi Copper Mine (under Bakufus
commission) ltTransition to Meijigt Manager Hirose
Saihei -Avoiding govt confiscation-Introducing
Western mining technology to renovate
Besshi -Business diversification
Mitsui Family -17c From Matsuzaka -Kimono trade
money exchange in Edo, Kyoto, Osaka huge
success ltTransition to Meijigt Manager Minomura
Rizaemon -Cope with bakufu policy to protect
Mitsui business -Support and work with new
government -Internal reform from gosho to
zaibatsu -1876 Establish Mitsui Bank Mitsui
Trading Company
Konoike -Sake making, trading, loans to
daimyo -No serious internal reform in
Meiji -Failed to form zaibatsu (Sanwa Bank)
Onogumi? Tennojiya? Hiranoya? Shimadagumi?
Kashimaya?
12
Terakoya (Private Primary Schools)
P.35

• Private teaching (3Rsread, write, abacus) at
  teachers house, all over Japan
  (20,000)contributing greatly to literacy
• Any intelligent person can be a teacher, any
  child can study (ages about 7-13)
• Individual teaching, with flexible time and
  flexible fee

ltTypical curriculumgt8-12am Writing (brush
ink)12-1pm Lunch at home1-2pm
Arithmetic, moral2pm Go home ltExams and
exhibitionsgtMonthly examsYear-end final
examWriting exhibitions, Apr Aug ltHolidaysgt3
days/month, plus others
13
Bakufu Schools and Han Schools (Official Teaching)
PP.33-34

• The core curriculum was ancient Chinese
  philosophy, especially Confucianism (6-5c BC) ??.
• Confucianism emphasized social order, respect for
  superiors and elders, the role and duties of the
  ruler, and rituals and ceremonies (legitimacy for
  class society).
• Study consisted of reading old Chinese literature
  in Japanese way, memorizing, and interpret the
  meaning.
• Eminent bakufu scholars Fujiwara Seika
  (1561-1619) Hayashi Razan (1583-1657) Arai
  Hakuseki (1657-1725)
• Later, Bakufu also taught Dutch, Western
  medicine, militarynavigation, etc.

Bakufu school at Yushima Seido (Ochanomizu,
Tokyo). Confucianism was taught to the sons of
bakufu samurais.
14
Shokason Jukuby Yoshida Shoin (1830-59)????(????
)

• Studied in Edo and Nagasaki
• Strong personality and pro-emperor, anti-bakufu
  ideas
• Jailed 3 times for trying to go abroad and
  criticizing government, finally executed in Edo
• Taught young samurai and non-samurai at Shokason
  Juku from 1855 to 1857 (2.5 years)

P.34
Produced many political leaders Ito Hirobumi
(Prime Minister) Yamagata Aritomo (Prime
Minister) Kusaka Genzui (anti-bakufu fighter)
Takasugi Shinsaku (anti-bakufu fighter)
Shokason Juku, Hagi, Choshu Han
15
Kangi-en by Hirose Tanso (1782-1856)???(????)
Kangi-en, Hita (under bakufus direct rule)
P.34

• Established in 1817, succeeded by 9 rectors until
  1897
• Largest private school in Edo period, attracting
  over 4,000 students
• Main courses ancient Chinese literature and
  philosophy
• Three non-selectivity principleanyone accepted
  regardless of age, education background or
  class/family
• Monthly student evaluationclassified into 19
  levels competition based on monthly study
  results
• All students lived in school dormitory

Famous graduates Takano Choei (doctor, scholar
of western studies) Omura Masujiro (military
reformer)