In the News:

1
In the News

• Ergogenic Aids Supplements

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Overview

• Ergogenic aids in sport
• Ergogenic strategies
• Aerobic performance
• Anaerobic performance
• Anabolic steroids
• HGH
• Androstendione
• Creatine
• Other drugs

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Ergogenic Aids in Sport

• Work-enhancing substances or phenomena believed
  to increase performance
• Research design concerns
• Placebo
• Look-alike substance containing nothing that will
  improve performance
• Athletes belief in a substance may influence
  performance
• Double-blind studies
• Neither the investigators nor the subjects are
  aware of who is receiving the treatment

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Ergogenic Aids in Sport

• Research design concerns (cont.)
• Amount of substance
• Too little or too much may show no effect
• Subject
• May be effective in trained but not untrained
  subjects, and vice versa
• Task
• Endurance vs. short-term events
• Large-motor vs. fine-motor activities
• Use
• May enhance short-term performance but compromise
  long-term performance

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Ergogenic Aids in Sport

• Changes in performance may be due to placebo
  effect

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Ergogenic Aids in Sport

• Caffeine
• Vitamin B-15 (Pangamic Acid)
• Erythropoetin
• Creatine
• Amphetamines
• Anabolic Steroids
• Human Growth Hormone

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Ergogenic Aids in Sport

• Little evidence that nutritional supplements
  improve performance
• Supplements may include
• Protein
• Creatine
• Carnitine

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Ergogenic Aids in Sport

• Creatine improved my strength and my performance
  in the high jump, but I also got pain in my
  abdomen.
• I had two seizures after taking creatine, now I
  have huge medical bills and possible long-term
  damage.
• Creatine put lots of muscle on my skinny body,
  but the kidney pain and mood swings werent worth
  it.
• I got tendonitis in my arms and calves after
  taking creatine.
• Others?

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Ergogenic Strategies Aerobic Performance

• Oxygen breathing
• Before or after exercise no effect on
  performance
• During exercise improved performance

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Ergogenic Strategies Aerobic Performance

• Blood doping
• Infusion of RBCs in effort to increase hemoglobin
  concentration and oxygen carrying capacity of
  blood
• Effective in improving VO2max and endurance
  performance

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Ergogenic Strategies Aerobic Performance

• Blood doping (cont.)

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Ergogenic Strategies Anaerobic Performance

• Blood buffers (sodium bicarbonate)
• Improves performances of 1-10 minutes duration or
  repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise
• No benefit for tasks of less than one minute
• Optimal dose
• 0.3 gkg body weight-1 (with 1 liter of water)

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• Anabolic
• muscle building properties of agent
• Medical use
• Treatment of osteoporosis, breast cancer

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• Androgenic qualities changes in secondary sex
  characteristics
• Steroids function as testosterone
• Changes in muscle mass, strength

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• One survey found 400,000 high school students had
  used anabolic steroids, the majority of which
  were not athletes.
• Used in epidemic proportions by athletes seeking
  the competitive edge.
• 5-11 of male college students say theyve used
  steroids

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• Illegal to prescribe, distribute, or possess
  anabolic steroids for any purpose other than
  treatment of disease or other medical conditions
• First offense
• Up to 5 years in prison and a fine up to 250,000.

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• Benefits
• Accelerated recovery
• Increased endurance
• Increased muscle size
• Increased muscle development
• Increased strength

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• Demonstrated effectiveness
• Bhasin et al. (1996)
• 1 lb of lean muscle gain per week by testosterone
  treatment group over 10 week period. (600 mg of
  enanthate weekly)
• No increase in body fat

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• Routes of administration
• Oral
• tablets or pills
• Injectable
• directly into the muscle, usually buttocks
• Water-based
• enter blood sooner, leave sooner
• Oil-based
• enter slower, remain longer
• Oral form more dangerous (liver dysfunction)
• Stacking two or more steroids simultaneously

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• Most commonly used/abused
• Deca-durabolin size/muscularity
• Oxandrolone cutting/strength
• Oxymetholone strength/bulking
• Stanzolol - cutting

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• Adverse effects
• Males
• Testicular atrophy
• Reduced sperm concentration
• Gynecomastia (resulting from higher estradiol
  concentration)
• Increased prostate size
• Females
• Voice deepening
• Reduced breast size
• Growth of facial and body hair
• Acne
• Altered menstrual function

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• Adverse effects (cont.)
• Both sexes
• Premature closure of growth plates in adolescents
• Lowered HDL cholesterol
• Higher LDL cholesterol
• Lower HDL/LDL ratio creates higher risk of
  coronary artery disease
• Blood-filled cysts
• Liver dysfunction
• Connective tissue damage

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Ergogenic Strategies Anabolic Steroids

• ACSM Position Statement on anabolic steroids
• Acknowledge that steroids work
• Caution users about the serious side effects
• Use is contrary to rules and ethics of sport

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Ergogenic Strategies Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

• Affects general growth
• No research reports using human or animal
  subjects have shown it to be related to specific
  performance improvements

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Ergogenic Strategies Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

• Most common hGH, somatropin, acts on bones and
  muscles non-differentially
• Does not selectively respond to only those parts
  of the body that are stimulated (fatigued) by
  specific training effects
• At best hGH might facilitate quicker overall
  recovery from general fatigue

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Ergogenic Strategies Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

• Often used in conjunction w/ steroids
• Steroids provide specific adaptation effects and
  hGH possibly assists recovery
• In sports is generally used to "grow" larger but
  not better-functioning athletes
• Long term effects of use in sports are not known.

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Ergogenic Strategies Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

• Medical use
• Treat children with kidney failure or dwarfism
• Ergogenic use
• Decreases body fat
• Increases FFM total body water (increases
  muscle bulk, smoothes wrinkles)

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Ergogenic Strategies Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

• Adverse side effects
• Allergic reactions
• Diabetes
• Gigantism in teenagers
• Acromegaly in older athletes when used
  extensively
• If extracted from cadaver brains, can cause fatal
  neurological condition (Creutzfeldt-Jacob
  Disease).

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Ergogenic Strategies Androstenedione

• Steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands
  and gonads as testosterone precursor
• Some is also secreted into the plasma, and may be
  converted in peripheral tissues to testosterone
  and estrogens
• Costly

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Ergogenic Strategies Androstenedione

• Manufactured as a dietary supplement
• In common use in MLB throughout the 1990s
• Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa confirmed usage

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Ergogenic Strategies Androstenedione

• Banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and hence
  from the Olympic Games
• Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 amended the
  Controlled Substance Act of 1970 to place both
  anabolic steroids and prohormones on a list of
  controlled substances
• Possession of the banned substances a federal
  crime
• In April, 2004 USFDA banned the sale of Andro,
  citing that the drug poses significant health
  risks commonly associated with steroids.

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Ergogenic Strategies Nitric Oxide (NO)

• Free form gas that is produced in the body and is
  used by the body to communicate with other cells
  (signaling molecule)
• Increases blood flow
• Anti-inflammatory?

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Ergogenic Strategies Other Drugs

• Amphetamines
• Catecholamine-like effect
• Improve performance in fatigued subjects only
• No improvement in alert, non-fatigued subjects
• Caffeine
• May improved performance at muscle, nervous
  system, or the delivery of fuel to muscle
• Can elevate blood glucose and increase fat
  utilization
• Effect is variable and dose-related
• Effect may be diminished in regular users

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Ergogenic Strategies Other Drugs

• Cocaine
• Powerful stimulator of cardiovascular and central
  nervous systems
• May cause sudden death
• Nicotine
• Can stimulate both sympathetic and
  parasympathetic nervous systems
• Cardiovascular or GI effects
• Known to cause diseases of the mouth, including
  oral cancer