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VICTIMOLOGY AND THEORY

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THE SEARCH FOR VICTIM PRONENESS AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VICTIM AND ... THE WANTON. THE LONESOME. THE HEARTBROKEN. THE TORMENTOR. THE FIGHTING VICTIM ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: VICTIMOLOGY AND THEORY


1
VICTIMOLOGY AND THEORY
  • POSITIVIST VICTIMOLOGY

2
POSITIVIST THEORY
  • POSITIVIST/CONVENTIONAL VICTIMOLOGY CONCERNED
    WITH PATERNS, REGULARITIES AND THE CONCEPT OF
    VICTIM PRONENESS, PRECIPITATION AND LIFESTYLE.
  • HANS VON HENTIG AND MENDELSOHN FOUNDING FATHERS
    OF VICTIMOLOGY

3
HANS VON HENTIG (1948) The Criminal and his
Victim
  • A DYNAMIC APPRAOCH
  • THE SEARCH FOR VICTIM PRONENESS AND THE
    RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VICTIM AND THE OFFENDER
  • (A VICTIM WHO CONSENTS COOPERATES CONSPIRES OR
    PROVOKES)
  • Hentig VICTIM PRONENESS - The contribution of
    the victim to the genesis of the crime.
  • VICTIM PRONENESS WILL DEPEND ON THE VICTIMS
    PSYCHOLOGICAL AND /OR SOCIAL STATE

4
HENTIGS TYPOLOGIES-
  • THE YOUNG
  • THE OLD
  • THE FEMALE
  • THE MENTALLY DEFECTIVE
  • IMMIGRANTS
  • DULL NORMALS
  • THE DEPRESSED
  • THE AQUISITIVE
  • THE WANTON
  • THE LONESOME
  • THE HEARTBROKEN
  • THE TORMENTOR
  • THE FIGHTING VICTIM

5
MENDELSOHN (1948) AND VICTIM CULPABILITY
  • SIXFOLD TYPOLOGY
  • THE IDEA OF VICTIM PRECIPITATION LEADS TO EARLY
    RESEARCH INTO HOMOCIDE (WOLFGANG 1958) AND RAPE
    (AMIR 1971) AND THE COMPLAINT FROM SOME QUARTERS
    OF VICTIM BLAMING

6
HINDELANG ET AL (1978)
  • THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF STRUCTURE ON THE
    VICTIM (OCCUPATION, STATUS, DAILY ROUTINE AND
    LEISURE OUSIDE THE HOME)
  • SHIFTS THE FOCUS AWAY FROM BLAMING THE VICTIM AND
    TOWARD THE LIFESTYLES OF VICTIMS EG YOUNG MEN
    (SEE 8 HYPOTHESIS)
  • INFLUENCED LAUB (1990) ROUTINES ACTIVITY THEORY
    AND THE IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
    EG AGE , GENDER, CLASS, OCCUPATION, RACE ETC

7
VICTIM PRECIPITATION (CRITIQUE)
  • THE VICTIM IS A DIRECT POSITIVE PRECIPITATOR IN
    THE CRIME
  • VICTIM BLAMING UNDER THE GUISE OF VICTIMOLOGY
    (CLARKE AND LEWIS 1977)
  • PRESUMES EQUALITY BETWEEN THE VICTIM AND THE
    OFFENDER.
  • FEMINISTS ARGUE THAT IT IS A WEAPON OF IDEOLOGY
    USED TO FURTHER THE VIEW OF PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY
    AND LEGITIMISE PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL DOMINANCE.

8
  • SEEKS THE PROBLEMS CAUSE IN THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE
    VICTIM.
  • EG RAPE
  • CON MEN
  • BURLARY
  • FEEDS INTO THE PROCESS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
    SYSTEM LEGAL NOTION OF REASONABLE BEHAVIOUR/
    CONTRIBUTORY NEGLEGENCE
  • THEREFORE MAY EFFECT AGENCY RESPONSE MUST BE
    DESERVING VICTIM.
  • WHO DEFINES DESERVING VICTIM INTERACTIVE
    PROCESS

9
LIFESTYLE (CRITIQUE)
  • CENTERS ON PUBLIC/ STREET CRIME
  • PUBLIC /PRIVATE DICHOTOMY
  • THEREFORE DOES NOT ACKNOWLEDGE HIDDEN CRIME
  • EG CHILD ABUSE
  • DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
  • CORPORATE CRIME
  • DOES NOT TAKE ACCOUNT OF WHY CERTAIN GROUPS FACE
    HIGH RISK STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY
  • RACE,
  • CLASS
  • GENDER
  • VICTIMS OF CORPORATE CRIME (CAPITALISM) BLAMING
    THE VICTIM

10
VICTIMOLOGY
  • RADICAL AND CRITICAL THEORY

11
RADICAL
  • EMERGED IN THE 1960/70s
  • ACKNOWLEDGES THOSE VICTIMS RENDERED INVISIBLE
  • IT INVESTIGATES PROBLEMS AS PEOPLE EXPERIENCE
    THEM (YOUNG 1986)
  • VICTIMS OF POLICE FORCE, THE VICTIMS OF WAR, THE
  • VICTIMS OF THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM, THE VICTIMS
    OF STATE VIOLENCE, THE VICTIMS OF OPPRESSION OF
    ANY SORT (QUINNY 1972)
  • THEREFORE INCLUDES UNCONVENTIONAL AS WELL AS
    CONVENTIONAL VICTIMS

12
  • QUESTIONS THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN DEFINING THE
    SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE OFFENDERS AND VICTIMS
  • ISSUES OF POWER ,AGE ,GENDER , RACE AND CLASS
    DIMENSIONS
  • LEFT REALIST VICTIMOLOGY - THE SQUARE OF CRIME
  • THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OFFENDERS, VICTIMS,
    THE COMMUNITY/PUBLIC AND THE STATE.

13
CRITIQUE
  • POSITIVE METHODS THEREFORE STILL FOCUSES ON
    PATTERNS AND REGULARITIES
  • ASSUMES THAT DEMOCRATIC PROCESS IS IN PLAY.

14
CRITICAL VICTIMOLOGY
  • DEVELOPED AS A RESPONSE TO THE CRITICISMS OF
    POSITIVIST/ RADICAL VICTIMOLOGY
  • LOOKS AT THE HIDDEN VICTIMS (CORPORATE
    VICTIMS, VICTIMS OF SEXUAL AND RACIAL ABUSE)
  • EMPHASISES THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN PERPETUATING
    VICTIMS-

15
EARLY CRITICAL VICTIMOLOGY
  • LEANS MORE TOWARDS INTERACTIONISM
  • EG WHO HAS THE POWER TO DEFINE VICTIMS/WHO HAS
    THE POWER TO APPLY THE LABEL?
  • RECENTLY DEVELOPED BY WALKLATE(89/90) DRAWING
    UPON GIDDENS (1984) THEORY OF STRUCTURATION.
    (Therefore emphasising the role of structure and
    agency)

16
  • EMPHASISES THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN PERPETUATING
    VICTIMS-
  • RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATE AND THE CITIZEN
  • STATE NOT NEUTRAL THEREFORE THIS POSES PROBLEMS
    IN RELATION TO RACE GENDER AGE AND CLASS
  • THE LIBERAL STATE COERCIVELY AND AUTHORITATIVELY
    CONSTITUTES THE SOCIAL ORDER IN THE INTERESTS OF
    MENAS A GENDER THROUGH ITS LEGITIMATING NORMS,
    FORMS, RELATION TO SOCIETY, AND SUBSTANTIVE
    POLICIES. (MAKINNION 1989162)
  • THEREFORE CAPITALISM AND PATRIARCHY INFLUENCE THE
    WAY VICTIMS ARE PERCIEVED AND RESPONDED TO

17
  • CRITICAL VICTIMOLOGY EMPHASISES THE ACTION OF
    VICTIMS . THEIR ABILITY TO FIGHT BACK
  • GREENPEACE
  • HILLSBOROUGH
  • GAY PRIDE
  • ACTION AGAINST THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION.
  • SUPPORT GROUPS
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