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Title: The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 1719 May 2006 THE NEXT DECADE: EUROPES FUTURE IN A WORLD OF


1
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006THE NEXT DECADE EUROPES FUTURE IN A
WORLD OF GLOBAL RD
  • 1966-2006
  • The changing context for industrial RD
  • Klaus-Heinrich Standke
  • Former Secretary-General of EIRMA
  • former Director for Science and Technology,
    United Nations, New York
  • former Assistant Director-General, UNESCO, Paris

2
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006THE NEXT DECADE EUROPES FUTURE IN A
WORLD OF GLOBAL RD
  • 1966-2006 The changing context for industrial
    RD
  • EIRMAs origins Key Players - Locations
    Members
  • The political climate for EIRMAs creation and
    beyond
  • How to measure gaps in technology and how to
    measure international competitiveness?
  • Competitors and Partners Comparison of the RD
    potentials
  • Challenges and responses
  • - by international agencies e.g. OECD and EU
  • - by national governments
  • - by industry
  • 6. Summary and Conclusions

3
Château de Ménars Founding of EIRMA in May 1966
4
EIRMA 40th Anniversary Conference, Berlin May 2006
5
The Founding fathersH.B.G.Casimir Alexander
King
6
  • I believe that if European industry is to hold
    its own it will be absolutely essential not to
    have too much compartimentalisation between
    countries, between firms, between laboratories...
  • If EIRMA could make a small contribution to
    these better relations, that would already be an
    extremely important achievement.
  • H.B.G. Casimir in his opening speech in Ménars
    Mai 1966

7
  • Once a project (such as EIRMA) is being
    launched we do not try to retain it within OECD
    but try to push it out it becomes an independant
    organisation between the bodies concerned and,
    hence, completely free from international
    bureaucracy....
  • Alexander King
  • 15th National Conference on Administration of
    Research
  • San Juan, 10.10.1961

8
EIRMA Office, Paris, 36 and 38 Cours Albert
Ier1966-1993
9
EIRMA Office 200646, Rue Lauriston, Paris
10
Development of Membership 1966 - 2005
11
EIRMA Presidents 1966-2007
  • 2005-2007 Walter Steinlin, Swisscom
  • 2003-2005 Prof Hans de Wit, TNO
  • 2001-2003 Dr Lars-Göran Rosengren, Volvo
  • 1999-2001 Dr Guy Haemers, Bekaert
  • 1997-1999 Pierre Castillon, Elf Aquitaine
  • 1995-1997 Prof Serge Barabaschi, Finmeccanica
  • 1993-1995 Dr Jens Rostrup-Nielsen, Hador Topsoe
  • 1991-1993 Dr Erich Spitz, Thomson
  • 1989-1991 Raimo Junnila, Neste
  • 1987-1989 Dr Jörg Heller, Ciba-Geigy
  • 1985-1987 J.P. Causse, Saint-Gobain
  • 1983-1985 Dr Harry Beckers, Shell
  • 1981-1983 Dr Bernhard Schmidt, Dornier
  • 1979-1981 Dr Denis Oliver, Pilkington
  • 1977-1979 Dr Umberto Colombo, Montedison
  • 1975-1977 Dr Jürg Rutschmann, Sandoz
  • 1973-1975 Bernard Delapalme, Elf Aquitaine
  • 1970-1973 Dr William J Arrol, Joseph Lucas Ltd

12
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • Special EIRMA policy features in the beginning
    of the association
  • Membership
  • Only for industrial manufacturing firms
  • No government-owned companies and no public
    untilities
  • No consulting companies
  • No US or other non-European subsidiaries

13
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • The political climate for EIRMAs creation and
    beyond
  • A chronology
  • In 1948 creation of the OEEC (Organisation for
    European Economic Co-operation) in Paris
  • In 1965 the OECD organised the European/North
    American Conference on Research Management. The
    meeting was chaired by Professor H.B.G. Casimir
    of Philips. A specific proposal was made to set
    up a research management association in Europe
  • In 1966 at the Château de Ménars EIRMA was
    formally launched unter the auspices of the OECD
    and with technical assistance of I.R.I.
  • In 1967 EIRMA has devoted in Lund its first
    annual conference to the theme Gaps in
    Technology between Western Europe and the US

14
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • In 1968 the Third Ministerial meeting on Science
    of the OECD after having considered the causes
    for the European/US Gaps in Technology have
    called for the creation of a European Capability
    for Technological Innovation
  • In 1973 the EEC launched the European Scientific
    Area
  • In 1974 the EEC Council established the necessity
    for the Community to have ist own schience and
    technology policy
  • In 1983 the first Framework Programme
    (1984-1987) was launched, not with new funds, but
    representing the sum of all separate EEC research
    budgets
  • In 1985 following an initiative of President
    Mitterand creation of EUREKA (European Research
    Coordination Agency)

15
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • In 1991 EU President Delors called in a White
    Book for Economic Growth, Competitiveness and
    Employment that 3 of the EUs GDP should be
    devoted to RD
  • In 2000 Lisbon Summit of EU Heads of State and
    Governments declared the target, to develop the
    EU by the year 2000 to the most competitive and
    dynamic science based Economic Area of the
    world(Lisbon Strategy)
  • In 2002 Barcelona Summit of the EU declared that
    the present 1,95 share of RD of the GDP should
    be increased by the years 2010 to 3,0
  • In 2003 The EU presented an Action Plan
    Investing in Research. The Commission admitted
    that in the best of cases by 2010 2,5 of the
    GDP could be devoted to RD
  • In 2005 A new concept Making Lisbon work was
    elaborated which deleted the target of most
    competitive region of the world. After the
    EU-enlargement the average EU-25 RD percentage
    was lowered to 1,9

16
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • How to measure gaps in technology and how to
    measure international competitiveness?
  • Gapology
  • Productivity Gap
  • Technology Gap
  • Innovation Gap
  • Management Gap

17
  • At the EIRMA meeting in Lund in 1967 Dr. Ivan L.
    Bennet, Jr., the Deputy Director of the Office of
    Science and Technology in the White House,
    Washington D.C., described the psychogical nature
    of the gap debate as follows
  • In essence, the gap to Americans seems to be a
    European reaction to an inability to achieve the
    desired degree of economic, military and
    technological independence from the US....

18
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • Direct Indicators for gaps in innovation
    capabilities
  • Ressources in scientific and technical manpower
  • RD performance as of GDP (RD intensity)
  • Patents and Licenses
  • World Market shares in RD intensive products
  • Citation index
  • Nobel prices
  • Brain drain

19
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • Overall indicators to measure economic
    performance and its impact on international
    competitiveness
  • Economic growth
  • Exchange rates
  • Rate of unemployment

20
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • Competitors and Partners
  • Comparison of the RD potentials
  • The ability to create, distribute and exploit
    knowledge has become a major source of
    competitive advantage....
  • OECD

21
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
22
RD Expenditure EU-15, USA, Japanin mill.
23
Gross Domestic Expenditure on RD (GERD) of GDP
24
Gross Domestic Expenditure on RD (GERD) of GDP
25
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • Challenges and responses
  • - The Challenge is clear Overcome the
    disparities
  • - But what are Europes responses?

26
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • EU Framework Programmes for Research
  • RP 1 1984-1987 3,8 bill.. 0,95
    bill.p.a.
  • 2 1988-1991 5,4 1,35
  • 3 1991-1994 6,6 1,65
  • 4 1995-1998 13,1
    3,27
  • 5 1999-2002 15,0 3,75
  • 6 2003-2006 19,2
    4,80
  • 7 2007-2013 54,2
    7,74

27
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • Challenges and responses
  • - How have the European governments
  • responded to the challenge?

28
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • Most EU member states have adopted national
    targets to raise RD investment in line with the
    Barcelona objective (3 or 1 for the new member
    states). New Strategies (F,D)
  • The EU Commission reports an insufficient overall
    rate of increase in direct public funding of RD
    in the EU-25 to reach the Barcelona objective of
    1 of GDP by 2010.
  • EU member states are increasingly supporting
    private investment in RD through indirect
    measures in the form of fiscal incentives.

29
  • Challenges and responses
  • When looking 40 years back, what has EIRMA
    contributed to reduce the technology gap ?
  • What are the tangible achievements?
  • Building up and disseminating a common stock of
    knowledge on the management of industrial RD.
  • Providing a forum to exchange common experiences
    not only within Europe but also with related
    organisations in the US, Japan, Korea and others

30
  • In facilitating cooperative research activities
    with universities and government research
    institutions
  • In addition, EIRMA has helped to minimize the
    competitiveness gap
  • - by identfying factors needed to improve the
    economic environment for relating
    technology to economic growth
  • - providing interactions with organisations
    such as OECD, EU, EUREKA, BIAC and others
  • Reinhard Schulz, no doubt, will tomorrow deal in
    more depth with an assessment of EIRMAs
    contribution

31
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
The changing role of industry towards RD
ManagementSome trends in EIRMA and I.R.I.
  • Chuck Larson, Executive Director and President of
    I.R.I.(1975-2001)
  • There is a move to emphasize the process of
    innovation within companies, some companies have
    therefore renamed their Corporate RD labs as
    corporate innovation centers.
  • Competitive intelligence has been increasingly
    made an informal part of the corporate strategy.

32
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • Internal RD is being combined with external RD
    by connecting with outside resources, including
    competitors, to develop new products and
    processes. Numerous services, including human
    resources, are now outsourced
  • Some firms have outsourced all of their RD to
    other firms or universities.

33
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • High-quality RD can now be done all around the
    world, resulting in a proliferation of new RD
    labs in many countries. RD are continuing to be
    established in countries where the RD base is
    strong and the company has operations.
  • RD in many companies has a increasingly a voice
    in corporate business strategy
  • RD cycle times have steadily decreased.

34
The 40th EIRMA Annual Conference Berlin, 17-19
May 2006The changing context for industrial RD
  • Government labs have become a key technology
    resource for many firms.
  • Environmental awareness has become standard
    operating procedure in RD.
  • Financial analysts have come to understand and
    appreciate the value of long-range, strategic
    investment in RD.
  • The pressure on RD leaders to do more with less
    has steadily increased.
  • There is still no one best RD organizational
    structure

35
  • Summary and conclusions
  • 1. The technology gap as defined 40 years ago
    not only persists but it seems even to be
    widening. The RD investment in Europe is lagging
    behind and growing too slowly.
  • The US is spending per capita 978 on RD,
    Japan 893 and the EU-15 only 532

36
  • (Ctd.) Unlike the situation at EIRMAs creation,
    the challengers for Europe are not anymore the US
    and later Japan but fast increasingly
    China, India and other Asian countries.
  • The EU is predicting that China might have
    caught up with Europe already by the year 2010
    Whereas the EU-15 had in 2000-2003 an annual
    growth of RD intensity close to stagnation,
    (0,7), China had an increase of 9,4 and has
    quadrupled its RTD effort since 2000. China ranks
    presently with an RTD budget of 72 bill.US-
    after the US and Japan on position Nr.3 in the
    world and has bypassed Germany (54 bill.US-).
    India is with 24 bill.US- close to France (25,1
    bill.US-)

37
  • 2. In spite of strong efforts by some individual
    EU countries to increase their RD
    expenditure expressed in of the GDP, Europe is
    far from becoming a homogenous European Research
    Area
  • The RD intensity within the EU-25 ranges
    from 4,27 in Sweden to 0,4 in Latvia

38
  • 3. Looking at the European manpower the EU-15
    has just over one million qualified scientists
    and engineers (QSEs), (US 1,2 mill.), but
    despite this relatively large supply of
    graduates, the pool of researchers is
    considerably smaller than in the US or in Japan.
  • Researchers per 1000 labour force (full-time
    equivalent)
  • EU-25 5,4 US 9 Japan 10,1
  • Apparently ScT careers in the EU lack
    attractiveness.
  • Source EU

39
  • 4. The Brain Drain from Europe to the US,
    complained already in forty years ago, is
    continuing
  • The EU reports that 58 of the European
    Recipients of US Science and Engineering
    Doctorates have firm plans to stay in the US.
  • As reasons are being given that more than
    higher wages better opportunities (access to
    high-level infrastructures and networks) seem to
    count.
  • Source EU

40
  • 5. In the worlds HighTech markets, the EU-15 is
    catching up globally, but is still lagging behind
    its main competitors
  • US sales in 2000 287 bill. US-,
  • EU-15 164 bill.US-

41
  • 6.The internationalisation of industrial RD is
    continuing. Europe remains with 74 of all US RD
    investments abroad by far the preferred partner
    of the US industry (and vice-versa) although this
    percentage is slowly being reduced in favour of
    Japan, China and others.
  • Germany, for example, reports that 21 of
    its industrial RD is performed by German
    subsidiaries abroad (mostly in the US) and that
    25 of the RD in Germany is performed through
    subsidiaries of foreign companies
  • Sources EU and Stifterverband

42
  • 7. The competitiveness of the European industry
    is conditioned by the sectoral composition of its
    industry.The EU largest RD investment is in
    Automobiles and Parts (23,8),
  • The non-EU largest share is in IT hardware
    (22,9)
  • 8. As demonstrated, Europe still has a
  • competitiveness gap.
  • All EIRMA can do is continuing to minimize
  • the gap and to make the voice of Europes
    Research Industry heard on this vital issue.

43
  • 9. What are Europes answers to these challenges?
  • The Lisbon strategy and the Barcelona targets
  • The (modest) strengtening of the 7th Framework
    Programme (ca. 4 of the EU-25 RTD effort)
  • A continuous appeal to member states to enhance
    their national ScT policies
  • A mechanism (open method of coordination) to
    harmonise the 25 different national ScT policy
    concepts which stand for ca. 96 of the EUs RTD
    efforts

44
  • 9. In spite of the increasing internationalisation
    of research the integration of the new EU member
    states in Central and Eastern Europe into the
    concept of a European Research Area is very
    unsatisfactory. This situation is also reflected
    in EIRMAs membership.
  • The talents of the 70 million new EU citizens
    (plus 30 if Romania and Bulgaria will join) are
    not tapped.
  • The RTD budget of the present 8 new CEE member
    states is with only 3,3 bill. in the order of
    magnititude of the RTD expenditure of the city of
    Berlin (3,3 mill. Population)
  • On the other hand, as a result of the increasing
    dislocation of manufacturing industries to
    Eastern Europe, countries such as Hungary, the
    Czech and the Slowak Republic have without
    their own RTD base a higher than average share
    on the EU-25 high-tech exports

45
  • 10. The widespread EU fatigue
  • coupled with some re-nationalisation
  • tendencies is fatal for the urgently needed
    efforts to enhance Europes competitiveness
    within a rapidly changing global setting.
  • EIRMAs answer to this challenge will be given
    in this afternoons Discussion Group
  • ITs ALL ABOUT PEOPLE
  • MOTIVATION, CREATIVITY, SKILLS
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