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Figures and Tables

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Title: Figures and Tables


1
Figures and Tables
2
Chapter 2Equilibrium and Efficiency
  • Figures and Tables

3
An Edgeworth Box
4
Preferences and Demand
5
Relative Price Change
6
Equilibrium
7
Equilibrium and Excess Demand
8
A Typical Production Set
9
Profit Maximization
10
Utility Maximization
11
Efficient Equilibrium
12
Constant Returns to Scale
13
Pareto Efficiency
14
The First Theorem
15
The Second Theorem
16
Proof of the Second Theorem
17
A Lump-Sum Transfer
18
Chapter 3Public Sector Statistics
  • Figures

19
Total Expenditure 1870 1996 ( of GDP)
20
Total Expenditure 1970 - 2002 ( of GDP)
21
Individual Expenditure Items ( of GDP)
b. Education
a. Defence
c. Health
d. Pensions
22
Government Expenditure 1998 ( of GDP)
23
Share of Expenditure by Levels of Government
24
Composition of Consolidated General Spending
a. US 1996
b. Germany 1996
c. UK 1998
25
Composition of Central Spending
a. US 1996
b. Germany 1996
c. UK 1998
26
Composition of State Spending
a. US 1996
b. Germany 1996
27
Composition of Local Spending
a. US 1996
b. Germany 1996
c. UK 1998
28
Tax Revenues 1965 - 2000 ( of GDP)
29
Tax Revenue for Category of Taxation, 2000
30
Tax Revenue by Level of Government, Federal
Countries, 2000
31
Tax Revenue by Level of Government, Unitary
Countries, 2000
32
Tax Shares at each Level of Government, United
States, 2000
33
Tax Shares at each Level of Government, Germany,
2000
34
Tax Shares at each Level of Government, Japan,
2000
35
Tax Shares at each Level of Government, United
Kingdom, 2000
36
Chapter 4Theories of the Public Sector
  • Figures

37
Excessive Government
38
Government Agency
39
Chapter 5Public Goods
  • Figures and Tables

40
Typology of Goods
41
Preferences and Choice
42
Best Reaction for 2
43
Nash Equilibrium
44
Inefficiency of Equilibrium
45
Allocation through Voting
46
Price and Quantities
47
The Lindahl Equilibrium
48
Gaining by False Announcement
49
Announcements and Payoffs
50
Payoffs and Overstatement
51
Clarke-Groves Mechanism
52
Payoffs for Player 1
53
Effect of Income Transfer
54
New Equilibrium
55
Additional Consumers
56
Public Good Experiment
57
A Contribution Campaign
58
Chapter 6Club Goods and Local Public Goods
  • Figures

59
Utility and Club Size
60
Optimum with Unequally-Sized Clubs
61
Optimum with Equally-Sized Clubs
62
Non-Unique Club Size
63
Achieving Efficiency
64
Stability of the Symmetric Equilibrium
65
Inefficient Stable Equilibria
66
Chapter 7Externalities
  • Figures

67
Deviation of Private from Social Benefits
68
Equilibrium with River Pollution
69
Choice of Commuting Mode
70
Job Choice
71
The Rat Race
72
Tragedy of the Commons
73
Equilibrium Keyboard Choice
74
Pigouvian Taxation
75
Uncertain Costs
76
Non-Convexity
77
Chapter 8Imperfect Competition
  • Figures and Tables

78
Market concentration in US Manufacturing,
1987Source Concentration ratios in
manufacturing, 1992, U.S. Bureau of the Census)
79
Monopoly Pricing
80
Deadweight Loss with Monopoly
81
Monopoly Welfare Loss
82
Tax Incidence with Perfectly Elastic Supply
83
Tax Incidence in the General Case
84
Tax Under-Shifting
85
Tax Over-Shifting
86
Calculations of Tax Shifting
87
Possibility of a Profit Increase
88
Contrasting Taxes
89
Natural Monopoly
90
Estimating the Effect of Merger in the Bath
Tissue MarketSource Data from Tables 1 and 2 in
Hausman and Leonard (1997)
91
Monopsony in the Labor Market
92
Chapter 9Asymmetric Information
  • Figures and Tables

93
Equilibrium in the Insurance Market
94
Multiple Equilibria
95
Perfect Information Equilibrium
96
Separating Contracts
97
Separating and Pooling Contracts
98
Non-Existence of Pooling Equilibrium
99
Market Intervention
100
The Single-Crossing Property
101
Separating Equilibrium
102
Unreasonable Beliefs
103
First-Best Contract
104
Switching Line
105
Second-Best Contract
106
Categorization of Outcomes
107
Chapter 10Political Economy
  • Figures and Tables

108
Stability
109
Condorcet Paradox
110
Location of Households
111
Single-Peaked Preferences
112
Single-Crossing without Single-Peakedness
113
Single-Peakedness in Multi-Dimensions
114
Rankings
115
Binary Agenda
116
Borda Voting
117
Top Cycle
118
Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives
119
Plurality Voting
120
Approval Voting
121
Runoff Voting
122
Probabilities of Election Outcomes
123
Participation and the Probability of being Pivotal
124
Closeness and the Probability of being Pivotal
125
Testing the Paradox of Voting () all
coefficients are significantly different from
zero at the 1-per cent level.(Source Shachar
and Nalebuff, 1999, Table 6)
126
The Apportionment of Seats
127
The Paradox
128
Chapter 11Rent-Seeking
  • Figures

129
Monopoly Deadweight Loss
130
Competitive and Monopoly Equilibria
131
Monopoly and Lobbying
132
The Threat of Lobbying
133
Chapter 12Optimality and Comparability
  • Figures and Tables

134
The Utility Possibility Frontier
135
Social Optimality
136
Optimal Lump-Sum Taxes and Incentive Compatibility
137
Efficiency and Inequity
138
Incompleteness of Pareto Ranking
139
Allocations and Utility
140
Non-Comparability and Level Comparability
141
Cardinal Utility
142
Full Comparability
143
Chapter 13Inequality and Poverty
  • Figures and Tables

144
Minimum Needs Equivalence Scales Sources B.S.
Rowntree (1901) Poverty A Study of Town Life,
(Macmillan) W. H. Beveridge (1942) Social
Insurance and Allied Services, (HMSO) US Bureau
of the Census (2003) www. census.gov/hhes/poverty/
threshld/thresh03.html
145
Construction of Engel Scale
146
Adult Good Equivalence Scale
147
General Equivalence Scale
148
Construction of a Lorenz Curve
149
Lorenz Curves as an Incomplete Ranking
150
Relating Gini to Lorenz
151
The Gini Social Welfare Function
152
The Equally Distributed Equivalent Income
153
Inequality Before and After Taxes and
Transfers Source OECD ECO/WKP(98) Notes 1. The
Squared Coefficient of Variation (SCV) is defined
by SCV H-1C. 2. For the Atkinson measure, e
0.5.
154
Poverty using the FGT P2 MeasureSource Foster,
Greer and Thorbecke (1985)
155
Evolution of Poverty ( Change in Poverty
Measure)Source OECD ECO/WKP(98)2
156
Chapter 14Commodity Taxation
  • Figures and Tables

157
Deadweight Loss
158
Income and Substitution Effects
159
Absence of Deadweight Loss
160
Revenue and Production Possibilities
161
Consumer Choice
162
Optimal Commodity Taxation
163
Production Efficiency
164
Tax ReformSource Madden (1995)
165
Tax ReformSource Madden (1995)
166
Redistribution of Indian commodity taxesSource
Ray (1986b)
167
Optimal RedistributionSource Ray (1986b)
168
Chapter 15Income Taxation
  • Figures and Tables

169
Labor Supply Decision
170
Effect of a Wage Increase
171
A Tax Threshold
172
Several Thresholds
173
Taxation and the Participation Decision
174
Labor Supply ElasticitiesSource Blundell (1992)
175
Taxation and the Consumption Function
176
Agent Monotonicity
177
Income and Skill
178
Upper Limit on Tax Rate
179
Lower Limit on Tax Rate
180
Zero Marginal Rate of Tax
181
Allocations and the Consumption Function
182
The Utilitarian Case (e 0)
183
Some Equity Considerations (e 1)
184
Differential Taxation and Non-Separability
185
Chapter 16Tax Evasion
  • Figures and Tables

186
Hidden Economy as of GDP, Average Over
1990-93Source Schneider and Enste (2000)
187
Interior Choice 0 lt X lt Y
188
Corner solutions
189
Increase in Detection Probability
190
Increase in the Fine Rate
191
Income Increase
192
Tax Rate Increase
193
Declaration and IncomeSource Mork (1975)
194
Explanatory FactorsSource Spicer and Lundstedt
(1976)
195
The Audit Game
196
Equilibrium Compliance
197
Chapter 17Fiscal Federalism
  • Figures and Tables

198
The Costs of Uniformity
199
Centralization and Decentralization
200
Political Accountability and Voter Welfare
201
Regional Distribution of Income
202
Share of Central Government Expenditure in Total
ExpendituresSource Vernon Henderson's dataset,
1975-1995, Brown University
203
Local Expenditures as a of Total Government
Expenditure by Function (1995-1999)Source IMF
Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, 2001
204
Chapter 18Fiscal Competition
  • Figures and Tables

205
Allocation of Capital
206
Symmetric Nash Equilibrium
207
The Advantage of Smallness
208
Tax Overlap
209
Matching Versus Lump-Sum Grant
210
Statutory Corporate Income TaxSource Devereux
et al. (2002)
211
Statutory and Effective Corporate Income Tax
Rates Source Devereux et al. (2002)
212
Chapter 19Intertemporal Efficiency
  • Figures and Tables

213
Generational Structure
214
Consumer Choice
215
Consumption Possibilities
216
Steady-State Equilibrium
217
Golden Rule and Competitive Equilibrium
218
Gross Profit minus Investment as a Proportion of
GDPAbel, Mankiw, Summers and Zeckhauser (1989)
219
Chapter 20Social Security
  • Figures and Tables

220
Dependency Ratio (Population over 65 as a
proportion of population 15 - 64)Source OECD
(www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/27/2492139.xls)
221
Annual Income and Cost Forecast for OASI Source
www.ssa.gov/OACT/TR/TR04
222
Forecasts for UK Basic State PensionSource UK
Department of Work and Pensions
(www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd1/abstract/Abstrat2003.pdf)
223
Pareto-Improvement and Social Security
224
Population Growth and Consumption Possibilities
225
Population Growth and Consumption Possibilities
226
Population Growth and Social Security
227
Social Security Game
228
Gains and Losses in transitionSource Miles
(1998)
229
Age of the Median VoterSource Galasso and
Profeta (2004)
230
Chapter 21Economic Growth
  • Figures and Tables

231
Dynamics of the Capital Stock
232
The Steady State
233
The Golden Rule
234
Consumption and the Saving Rate
235
Welfare Cost of TaxationSource Chamley (1981)
236
Tax Rate and Consumption Growth
237
Level and Growth Effects
238
Growth Effects of Tax Reform
239
US Tax and Growth Rates Source US Department of
Commerce www.bea.doc.gov/
240
UK Tax and Growth RatesSource Feinstein (1972),
UK Revenue Statistics, Economic Trends
241
Average and Marginal Tax Rates
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