TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT Pengendalian Komputer dalam Persekitaran Pejabat

1
TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMATPengendalian Komputer dalam
Persekitaran Pejabat
Norrima Mokhtar 30 MAY 2007
2
Assessment

• 60
• Assignment
• Presentation
• Hands On Practice
• 40
• Final Exam

3
What is computer

• Electronic machine operating under the control of
  instructions stored in its own memory
• Accepts data
• Manipulates data
• Produces results
• Stores results

4
History of computer

• Initiated by Blaise Pascal, leading French
  mathematician
• ?contruct first mechanical adding device
• ?calculator
• ?computer
• ?programming language Pascal was name after him

5
Type of computers
6
Examples of Computer Usage

• What is available for a mobile user?

• Hardware
• Notebook computers
• Handheld computers
• Web-enabled cellular telephones
• Software
• Productivity
• Presentation

7
What are hardware and software?

• Hardware
• Electronic and mechanical equipment
• Software
• Instructions that tell hardware how to perform
  tasks

8
Buying a PC
9
Why Do You Need a PC?

• What do you plan to do with it?
• In an office or home at a desk without being
  moved.
• Travelling between home, business, and travel
  destinations.

10
Sample Output

• Your Recommended System Specifications
• CPUAny CPU listed in the Ultraportable CPU
  category
• Memory512MB
• Hard DriveAt least 110GB
• Optical DriveDVD Burner
• USB2 USB 2.0 Port(s)
• FirewireYes
• Display12.1 inches or smaller, 1024x768
  Resolution
• VideoA non-integrated solution with DirectX
  support
• Wireless802.11g

6 pins and 4 pins of firewire
11
Systems

• Two basic system configurations
• Desktop
• Laptop
• Three basic Operating Systems
• MS Windows XP Pro or Home or Vista
• Mac OS X
• Linux Ubuntu, Red Hat, etc

12
Desktops

• Processors (CPUs)
• For processors there are two basic choices to
  make brand and speed. Both Intel and AMD are
  starting to produce dual core processors, but
  they aren't required for most people.
• Budget CPUs can be found around the 2.4 to 3.0
  GHz range, mid-range at 2.8 to 3.2 GHz and
  high-end processors at or above 3.4 GHz

13
Desktops

• Memory (RAM)
• RAM is important because if you have enough, your
  system won't run optimally (hard disk caching).
• The minimum amount of RAM for today's systems
  should be 512MB even for budget systems. 1GB of
  RAM provides better performance.
• DDR memory is now used by all current systems
  with the most common being PC3200. DDR2 can be
  found on newer Intel systems. Budget systems may
  still use older PC2100 or PC2700 DDR.

14
Desktops

• Storage
• Hard Drives
• Consider capacity and speed. Most hard drives
  available now will provide you with more than
  enough storage. Look for 80 GB drive as the
  minimum.
• If you feel you need more space or the extra
  space doesn't cost more, get the upgrade. As for
  performance, 7200 rpm drives are the best choice
  currently.
• If you really want high performance, look for
  drives with 8MB or 16MB of cache. Drives will
  either be Serial ATA or IDE but performance
  levels are roughly the same.

15
SATA

• First generation (1.5 Gbit/s) SATA ports on a
  motherboard

16
Serial ATASATA

• In computer hardware, Serial ATA (SATA, 'se?.t?
  or IPA 'sæ.t?) is a computer bus technology
  primarily designed for transfer of data to and
  from hard disks and optical drives. It was
  designed as a successor to the legacy Advanced
  Technology Attachment standard (ATA), and is
  expected to eventually replace the older
  technology (retroactively renamed Parallel ATA or
  PATA). Serial ATA adapters and devices
  communicate over a high-speed serial link.

17
Desktops

• Storage
• Optical Drives
• Most systems sold now include DVD burners, even
  the budget systems. It is best to make sure that
  you get a multiformat DVD burner that can support
  both the R/RW and -R/RW formats.
• Speeds should be 16x for the recordable speed.
  Dual or Double Layer media support is also a
  common feature although less likely to be used
  due to media cost.
• If you don't need a DVD burner, try to at least
  get a CD-RW/DVD combo drive of 24x recording
  speed to allow for CD media storage and DVD
  playback.

18
Desktops

• Video
• Video cards are changing all the time, so
  selecting the right one is difficult.
• If you want to have future capability, go for a
  card that supports DirectX 9 and has at least
  128MB of memory. If don't have to be on the
  cutting edge of video technology, pretty much any
  card will do. Be careful of systems with
  on-board video that shares system RAM (and
  reduces its availability).
• Things to consider on video cards are DVI
  connectors for digital LCD panels and
  multi-monitor support. Newer cards use PCI
  Express graphics cards over the previous AGP
  interface.

19
Desktops

• External Connectors
• Many upgrades and peripherals to computers now
  connect through external interfaces instead of
  internal cards.
• Check to see how many and what type of external
  ports are available on the computer for use with
  future peripherals (and where they are located
  front/back).
• Look for systems that have both USB 2.0 and IEEE
  1394 or FireWire ports. It should have at least
  six USB 2.0 connectors and one FireWire ports.

20
Desktops

• Monitors
• Choose between CRT or LCD monitors.
• CRTs provide a wide range of capabilities at a
  good price but are bulky.
• LCDs take up less desk space, use less power, but
  cost more. Regardless of type of monitor, look at
  getting at least a 17 monitor capable of
  displaying a resolution of 1280 by 1024 pixels.

21
Laptops/Notebooks

• Size and Weight
• Ultraportables offer light weight and sizes but
  sacrifice items such as drives and ease of
  expansion.
• Desktop replacements have equivalent power to
  desktop systems, but they are heavy and bulky
  making them difficult to carry around.
• When shopping for a laptop, make sure to pick up
  the systems and verify its something you are
  willing to carry. Don't forget to also consider
  the weight of accessories such as AC adapter when
  carrying around the notebook.

22
Laptops/Notebooks

• Processors (CPUs)
• Notebook processors typically were slower than
  desktop CPUs, but that has changed.
• Dual-core processors are starting to become
  common and help with multitasking. The type of
  processors found in the notebook will vary based
  upon the size and purpose of the notebook.

23
Laptops/Notebooks

• Ultraportable Processors
• Ultraportables are systems that are designed to
  be as light and compact as possible yet powerful
  enough for most common business applications such
  as e-mail, word processing and presentation
  software.
• These systems are geared towards those people who
  travel a lot (often called road warriors) who
  want a system that is not very cumbersome. They
  are willing to sacrifice computing power and
  peripherals for portability. Below are the
  processors found in ultraportables
• Intel Pentium M LV and ULV Series
• Intel Core Solo U1300 and U1400
• Intel Core Duo L2300E through L2500
• Intel Core Duo U2400 and U2500

24
Laptops/Notebooks

• Thin and Light Processors
• A thin and light notebook is one that is able to
  perform any computing task at least on some
  level. These systems can vary widely in terms of
  their price and performance. They tend to perform
  better than the counterparts in the value
  category or ultraportables but they are smaller
  and more portable than the large media centric
  desktop replacements.
• Here are some of the processors that can be found
  in this category of notebooks
• AMD Mobile Athlon 64 3200 and Higher
• AMD Turion 64 3200 and Higher
• AMD Turion 64 X2 ML-32 or MT-32 and Higher
  liIntel Core 2 Duo T5500 or T7200 and Higher
• Intel Core Duo T2300 and Higher
• Intel Pentium M 760 and Higher

25
Laptops/Notebooks

• Desktop Replacements Processors-
• Desktop replacement systems are designed to be a
  complete system that has the equivalent
  processing power and capability to a desktop
  system, but in a mobile package. They tend to be
  larger and bulkier to fit all the components to
  allow the system perform at almost the same level
  as a desktop in all aspects of computing.
• In general a desktop replacement will perform
  exceptionally well and will even be able to run
  3D games. Mobile gaming is getting close to
  desktop performance, but the cost is much greater
  and still not the same as the top end desktop
  graphics.
• Here are some of the processors that can be found
  in this category of machine
• AMD Turion 64 MT-34 and Higher
• AMD Turion 64 X2 TL-56 and Higher
• Intel Core 2 Duo T5600 or T7200 and Higher
• Intel Core Duo T2600 and Higher

26
Laptops/Notebooks

• Memory (RAM)
• Notebooks are generally more restricted in the
  amount of memory they can have compared to
  desktops.
• When looking at computers make sure you check out
  the maximum memory the system can handle as well
  as the amount that is installed in the computer.
• It's also useful to find out if a memory upgrade
  can be done yourself or if it has to be done by a
  tech. Some are a bit tricky. 512MB should really
  be the minimum amount of memory to consider.

27
Laptops/Notebooks

• Displays and Video
• The video on a notebook computer is comprised of
  the display and the video processor. The display
  is comprised of the screen size and the native
  resolution.
• The larger the display, the higher the resolution
  will typically be, but it also will impact how
  portable the system is.
• Wide screen displays (16X9) are also becoming
  more popular. The graphics processor will
  determine the performance of the computer in
  things such as 3D graphics and PC gaming.

28
Laptops/Notebooks

• Drives
• Hard drives are fairly straight forward in terms
  of the size and the performance may be impacted
  by the rotational speed. Look for 80-120GB.
• Optical drives can either be fairly simple CD-ROM
  drives for installing software all the way up to
  the latest high definition DVD burners. Drives
  are small, fragile and expensive.
• In most cases, it is best to at least get a drive
  that is capable or reading DVDs and burning CDs
  or DVDs.

29
Laptops/Notebooks

• Networking
• The ability to connect to the net is built in to
  most notebooks today. Look for systems that
  include a built in 56Kbps modem and Fast
  Ethernet.
• With the rise of wireless networking, this is
  also found in most new notebooks. For the minimum
  amount of wireless connectivity, look at getting
  a notebook with 802.11b/g.
• Systems with an 802.11a/b/g will give you the
  most amount of connectivity.

30
Laptops/Notebooks

• Battery Life
• Portable computer relies on battery life and will
  be ineffective if you only get 30 minutes of
  computing time on a single charge. Find the
  manufacturers listed battery life and cut that
  in half.
• Look to get a system with at least 2 hours of
  battery life under normal conditions.
• If you need extended time unplugged, look for
  laptops with media bays that can double as extra
  battery slots or have extended life batteries
  that can be purchased.

31
Laptops/Notebooks

• Warranty Plans
• Laptops take a lot of abuse and are more prone to
  breakdowns due to their portability. When buying
  a system, make sure to get at least a 1 year
  warranty from the manufacturer.
• If you will be using the system heavily, a system
  that comes with a 3 year warranty might be a
  better choice but it will cost more. Third party
  extended plans are not a good choice unless
  service is done through the manufacturer.

32
Operating Systems

• Vista
• Vista improves upon earlier versions of Windows
  in many ways (see "Everything You Need to Know
  About Windows Vista1" for more on its features).
• Looks a lot like Mac OS X with similar features.
• If your hardware is new, upgrading will make
  sense--eventually.

1. http//www.pcworld.com/article/id,127629-page,1
-c,vistalonghorn/article.html
33
Vista
34
MacOS X

• Unix-based and relatively free of viruses
• Very different that prior versions of the Mac OS
  though it looks similar
• Latest version is Leopard .

35
Mac OS X
36
Linux

• Ubuntu open source (free) distribution from
  http//www.ubuntu.com/desktop
• Includes apps such as Open Office with full MS
  Office compatibility
• Excellent for general purpose PC email,
  messaging, browsing, office docs.
• Suitable to consider instead of upgrading an
  older PC to a newer Windows release.

37
Linux Ubuntu Desktop
38
Linux Open Office
39
Desktop vs Laptop

• Presentation duration10 mins
• One group 9 members
• Evaluation will be given based on teamwork,
  presentation skills, presentation content.

40
Ultraportables

• Ultraportables are systems that are designed to
  be as light and compact as possible yet powerful
  enough for most common business applications such
  as e-mail, word processing and presentation
  software. These systems are geared towards those
  people who travel a lot (often called road
  warriors) who want a system that is not very
  cumbersome. They are willing to sacrifice
  computing power and peripherals for portability.
  There are few choices in this category, but it
  makes comparison very easy. Below are the
  processors found in ultraportables
• Intel Pentium M LV and ULV Series
• Intel Core Solo U1300 and U1400
• Intel Core Duo L2300E through L2500
• Intel Core Duo U2400 and U2500

41
Thin and Light

• A thin and light notebook is one that is able to
  perform pretty much any computing task at least
  on some level. These systems can vary widely in
  terms of their price and performance. They tend
  to perform better than the counterparts in the
  value category or ultraportables but they are
  smaller and more portable than the large media
  centric desktop replacements. Here are some of
  the processors that can be found in this category
  of notebooks
• AMD Mobile Athlon 64 3200 and Higher
• AMD Turion 64 3200 and Higher
• AMD Turion 64 X2 ML-32 or MT-32 and Higher
  liIntel Core 2 Duo T5500 or T7200 and Higher
• Intel Core Duo T2300 and Higher
• Intel Pentium M 760 and Higher

42
Desktop Replacements

• Desktop replacement systems are designed to be a
  complete system that has the equivalent
  processing power and capability to a desktop
  system, but in a mobile package. They tend to be
  larger and bulkier to fit all the components to
  allow the system perform at almost the same level
  as a desktop in all aspects of computing. In
  general a desktop replacement will perform
  exceptionally well and will even be able to run
  3D games. Mobile gaming is getting close to
  desktop performance, but the cost is much greater
  and still not the same as the top end desktop
  graphics. Here are some of the processors that
  can be found in this category of machine
• AMD Turion 64 MT-34 and Higher
• AMD Turion 64 X2 TL-56 and Higher
• Intel Core 2 Duo T5600 or T7200 and Higher
• Intel Core Duo T2600 and Higher

43
Budget Systems

• Budget systems are those developed to provide a
  functional portable computer at low price points.
  They use a wide range of processors that can be
  found in this category because often value
  systems are based upon older processors that use
  to be found in higher end notebooks or the newer
  low cost processors. All of the processors listed
  here should be able to do all the basic computing
  tasks including web browsing, email, word
  processing and presentation. They are also very
  capable at being used for DVD playback as well.
  About the only thing that value system processors
  will not be able to do well is gaming and
  high-end graphics applications. Here are some of
  the processors to look for in this range
• AMD Mobile Sempron 3000 and Higher
• AMD Mobile Athlon 64 3200 and Higher
• AMD Turion 64 ML-32 or MT-32 and Lower
• AMD Turion 64 X2 TL-50 or TL-52
• Intel Celeron M 350 and Higher
• Intel Core 2 Duo T5500 and Lower
• Intel Core Duo T2050 through T2400
• Intel Core Solo
• Intel Pentium M 760 and Lower

44
Knowing a CPUs Power When Buying a Notebook PC

• Notebook computer processors are very different
  from their desktop counterparts. The primary
  reason for this is the limited amount of power
  they have to run on when the notebook system is
  not plugged into an outlet. The less power that
  the notebook uses, the longer the system should
  be able to run for off the battery. To do this,
  the processor manufacturers employ a large number
  of tricks such as CPU scaling where a processor
  scales its power usage (and thus performance) to
  the tasks at hand. This presents a major
  challenge in balanced performance and power
  consumption.
• There are four distinct categories that I
  classify for notebook computers, each with its
  own distinct purpose for those using them. To
  match these systems to the computing tasks you
  also want to select the proper processor.

45

• Understanding Notebook Memory
• From Mark Kyrnin,Your Guide to PC Hardware /
  Reviews.FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now!
• Selecting the Proper Amount of RAM for a Notebook
  PC
• Certainly the more memory in a notebook system
  the better, but there are other concerns
  regarding memory in notebooks. Notebooks are
  generally more restricted in the amount of memory
  that can be installed into a system. Sometimes
  access to that memory can also be a problem if
  you plan a future upgrade.
• How Much is Enough?
• The rule of thumb that I use for all computer
  systems for determining if it has enough memory
  is to look at the requirements of the software
  you intend to run. Pick up the boxes for each of
  the applications and the OS that you intend to
  run and look at both the "minimum" and
  "recommended" requirements. Typically you want to
  have more RAM than the highest minimum and
  ideally at least as much as the highest listed
  recommended requirement. The following chart
  provides a general idea of how a system will run
  with various amounts of memory
• Bare Minimum RAM 512MB
• Recommended Minimum 1GB
• Optimal 2GB
• The ranges provided are a generalization based
  upon most common computing tasks. It is best to
  check the requirements of the intended software
  to make the final decisions. This is not accurate
  for all computer tasks because some operating
  systems use more memory than others.
• Many notebook systems also use integrated
  graphics controllers that use a portion of the
  general system RAM for the graphics. This can
  reduce the amount of available system RAM from 64
  to 256MB depending upon the graphics controller.
  If the system is using an integrated graphics
  controller it is best to get a bit more memory to
  compensate for this.
• Types of Memory
• Most of the newest computer systems are now using
  the DDR2 memory specification, but a number of
  notebook still use the older DDR type. In
  addition to the type of memory installed in the
  notebook, the speed of the memory can also make a
  difference in the performance. When comparing
  notebook computer systems, be sure to check both
  of these pieces of information to determine how
  they may impact performance.
• There are two ways that the memory speeds can be
  designated. The first is by the memory type and
  its clock rating, like DDR2 400. The other method
  is by listing the type along with the bandwidth.
  In the case the same DDR2 memory would be listed
  as PC2-3200 memory. Below is a listing in order
  of lowest to fastest memory types in both
  formats
• DDR 333 / PC-2700
• DDR 400 / PC-3200
• DDR2 400 / PC2-3200
• DDR2 533 / PC2-4200
• DDR2 667 / PC2-5300 or PC2-5400