The New Immigrant Second Generation and Nativeborn Racial Minorities in Canada: Generational Success

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Armchair Discussion Canada School of Public
Service Metropolis Project
Jeffrey G. Reitz University of Toronto Ethnic,
Immigration and Pluralism Studies Munk Centre for
International Studies www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudie
s June 11, 2009 100 p.m. to 215 p.m. (ET)
http//www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9957-1
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Table of Contents

• Assessing Multiculturalism as a Behavioral
  Theory J.G. Reitz
• Ethnic Group Ties, Inter-Group Threat, and Ethnic
  Self-Identity
• K.K. Dion and M.B. Phan
• Discrimination, Ethnic Group Belonging, and
  Well-Being
• K.L. Dion, K.K. Dion, and R. Banerjee
• Inequalities and Patterns of Social Attachments
  in Quebec and the Rest of Canada
• M.B. Phan and R. Breton
• Racial Inequality and Social Integration
• J.G. Reitz and R. Banerjee
• Behavioural Precepts of Multiculturalism
  Empirical Validity and Policy Implications
• J.G. Reitz

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Selected Findings for Discussion Today

• Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of
  Minorities
• Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social
  Integration of Visible Minorities
• Social Integration of New Religious Groups
  Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Buddhists
• Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada

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Jeffrey G. Reitz and Rupa Banerjee, "Racial
Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Policy Issues in
Canada." In Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and
Shared Citizenship in Canada, edited by Keith
Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie
Seidle. Montreal Institute for Research on
Public Policy, 2007. Pp. 489-545.
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RACISM IN CANADA Darker the skin, less you fit in
(217) LESLEY CIARULA TAYLOR IMMIGRATION
REPORTER Vanessa Kirunda is the last person
you'd expect to be looked down on. Poised,
articulate, educated and confident, Kirunda, a
black woman, can dissect and analyze why
Canadians treat her differently. But all bets
were off when schoolmates called her 10-year-old
son Sean a n-----. Three times. Three different
children. "I anticipated this would happen, but
it breaks my heart. Something is wrong when
children say these things. On top of everything,
I'm not going to have my child degraded," said
the Mississauga resident. The "everything" she
refers to includes being sent to an Adult
Learning Centre when she arrived, even though
English is her first language, and getting passed
over for a college spot in favour of a white
friend. "I've never understood people who believe
they are superior. It's based on idiotic
ideologies. And it's not just white European
people." Kirunda and her son, Canadian citizens
who emigrated from Kenya
COLIN MCCONNELL/TORONTO STAR Vanessa Kirunda and
her son Sean, who live in Mississauga, have been
stung by racism. "And it's not just white
European people," she says. (May 10, 2009)
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Selected Findings for Discussion Today

• Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of
  Minorities
• Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social
  Integration of Visible Minorities
• Social Integration of New Religious Groups
  Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Buddhists
• Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada

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Immigration nationspercent foreign-born, 2005
Source United Nations, International Migration
2006
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Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002N 41,666

• Ethno-cultural Groups
• Ethnic Ancestry
• Visible Minority Status

• Indicators of Social Integration
• Life satisfaction
• Ties to Canadian society
• Canadian identity
• Citizenship
• Sense of belonging in Canada
• Trust in people
• Civic participation
• Volunteer activities
• Voting

• Aspects of Diversity
• Ethnic attachments (importance of ancestry,
  customs, belonging)
• Religion, religious commitment

• Inequality
• Household Income
• Experience of discrimination (self-reported)
• Feelings of discomfort
• Fear of attack

• Generation/Time
• Period of Immigration
• Generation, Age

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Ethno-racial Diversity in the EDS

• Ancestry (not visible minorities)
• Anglo
• French
• North and Western European
• Russian and East European
• Jewish
• Arab and West Asian
• Latin American
• Greek
• Italian
• Portuguese
• Other European
• Canadian

• Visible minorities
• Chinese
• South Asian
• Black
• Filipino
• Latin American
• Southeast Asian
• Arab and West Asian
• Korean
• Japanese
• Visible minorities, other
• Multiple visible minorities

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Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002N 41,666

• Ethno-cultural Groups
• Ethnic Ancestry
• Visible Minority Status

• Indicators of Social Integration
• Life satisfaction
• Ties to Canadian society
• Canadian identity
• Citizenship
• Sense of belonging in Canada
• Trust in people
• Civic participation
• Volunteer activities
• Voting

• Aspects of Diversity
• Ethnic group (attachments, importance, belonging)
• Religion, religious commitment

• Inequality
• Household Income
• Experience of discrimination (self-reported
  )
• Feelings of discomfort
• Fear of attack

• Generation/Time
• Period of Immigration
• Generation, Age

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What is the effect of ethnic attachments on
social integration?
Regression coefficients for effect of ethnic
attachments on social integration, by immigrant
cohort and generation, and controlling for age
and (for immigrants) length of time in Canada
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Inequality trends across time and generations

• Income Inequality ? Less
• Perceptions of discrimination and vulnerability
  ? More

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Reports of discriminationvisible minority
status more than religion
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Reports of vulnerabilityvisible minority status
more than religion
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Canadian Identity
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Canadian citizenship
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Religiosity
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Reports of DiscriminationQuebec v. Rest of
Canada
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Reports of VulnerabilityQuebec v. Rest of Canada
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Conclusions

• Maintaining ethnic attachments over time is
  associated with
• enhanced qualify of life
• but greater isolation from the mainstream
• Racial minorities experience inequality and
  discrimination, which reinforces their ethnic
  attachment and slows integration
• Race is more important than religious affiliation
  as a factor in the social integration of visible
  minorities

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Policy Considerations

• Equality is a key to integration need to address
  racial inequality
• Ethnic community development to support
  integration
• Integration requires efforts beyond support for
  diversity
• Evaluation of impact of multiculturalism policy

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Armchair Discussion Canada School of Public
Service Metropolis Project
Jeffrey G. Reitz University of Toronto Ethnic,
Immigration and Pluralism Studies Munk Centre for
International Studies www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudie
s June 11, 2009 100 p.m. to 215 p.m. (ET)
http//www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9957-1