Auxiliary Verbs and Movement Phenomena

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Auxiliary Verbs andMovement Phenomena

• Allens Chapter 5
• JMs Chapter 11

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Auxiliary and Modal Verbs

• I can see the house.
• I will have seen the house.
• I was watching the movie.
• I should have been watching the movie.
• I am not going.
• He could not have seen the car.
• I did eat my carrots.
• Did you see the car?

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Auxiliary Verbs
VP ? (AUX COMPFORM ?s) (VP VFORM ?s)
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Auxiliary Verbs (Sequence Constraints)

• VP ? (AUX COMPFORM ?s) (VP VFORM ?s)
• Modal have be (Progressive) be (Passive)
• They might have been being
  played as they left.
• He has might see the movie already
• I regret having been chosen to go
• I must be having been singing

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Passive Sentences

• VP ? AUX be VP ing, main
• VP ? AUX be VP ing, pass
• VP pass ? AUX be VP pastprt, main

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Lexicon Samples

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Passive Sentences

• I will hide my hat in the drawer
• My hat will be hidden in the drawer
• I hid my hat in the drawer
• My hat was hidden in the drawer
• I was hiding my hat in the drawer
• My hat was being hidden in the drawer

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Passive sentences

• VP constituents in passive sentences have a
  missing NP
• Need a Head binary feature passgap
• VP -passgap ? V _np NP
• VP passgap ? V _np

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Passive Sentences
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Rule 1 2 ((7 9) or (5 8))
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Movement phenomena

• Local (bounded) movement
• Subject-aux inversion
• Jack is giving Sue a book
• Is Jack giving Sue a book?
• He will run in the marathon next year
• Will he run in the marathon next year?
• John went to the store
• Did John go to the store?
• Henry goes to school everyday
• Does Henry go to school everyday?

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Movement Phenomena

• Unbounded movement
• wh-questions
• The fat man will angrily put the book in the
  corner
• Which man will angrily put the book in the corner
• Who will angrily put the book in the corner
• How will the fat man put the book in the corner
• In what way will the fat man put the book in the
  
• What will the fat man put angrily in the corner
• Where will the fat man angrily put the book
• What will the fat man angrily put the book in

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Similar to yes/no questions

• I found a book case
• Did I find a book case?
• What did I find?
• So we can use part of the grammar for Yes/no
  questions
• But there is a missing constituent
• What will the fat man
• angrily put in the corner
• I angrily put in the corner

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Holes and Fillers

• There is a Hole somewhere in a constituent
• The moved part is a Filler for that hole
• What will the fat man angrily put in the corner
• Is parsed as if it were
• angrily put what in the corner
• What did you put in the cupboard?
• What did you put the bottle in the cupboard

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Transformational Grammars
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Filling gaps

• Slash categories
• are complex non terminals of form X/Y
• a constituent of type X with a sub constituent
  Y missing
• S/NP
• S constituent with the GAP feature NP

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Questions in CFGs

• Sinv ? (AUX AGR ?a SUBCAT ?v)
• (NP AGR ?a) (VP VFORM ?v)
• (NP GAP (CAT NP AGR ?a) AGR ?a) ? ?
• Inserting GAP Features automatically
• Lexical Head
• VP ? V _np_vpinf NP VP
• (VP GAP ?g) ? V _np_vpinf (NP GAP ?g) (VP GAP
  -)
• (VP GAP ?g) ? V _np_vpinf (NP GAP -) (VP GAP
  ?g)
• Non Lexical Head
• (S GAP ?g) ? (NP GAP -) (VP GAP ?g)

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Adding Gap features to a grammar
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Wh-words in Lexicon
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Wh words Grammar rules
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Ws-questions grammar rules
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Ws-questions grammar rules (expanded)
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Box 5.3 Movement Constraints(Island Constraints)

• The A over A constraint
• What book did you meet the author of __?
• Complex-NP constraint
• To whom did the man who gave the book __ laugh?
• Sentential subject Constraint
• For me to learn these constraints is impossible.
• What is for me to learn __ impossible?
• Wh-Island Constraint
• Did they wonder whether I took the book?
• What did they wonder whether I took __?
• Coordinate Structure Constraint
• Did you see John and Sam?
• Who did you see and __?

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Parsing with Gaps

• (NP GAP (CAT NP AGR ?a) AGR ?a) ? ?
• (VP GAP (NP AGR 3s)) ?
• V _np_pploc ? (NP GAP (NP AGR 3s) PP LOC
• (NP AGR 3s EMPTY )
• (VP GAP (NP AGR 3s)) ?
• V _np_pploc (NP GAP (NP AGR 3s) ? PP LOC

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Adding Empty constituents
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1 Which 2 dogs 3 did 4 he 5 see 6
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1 Which 2 dogs 3 did 4 he 5 see 6
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Relative clauses

• CNP ? CNP REL
• REL ? (NP WH R AGR ?a) (S-inv, fin GAP (NP AGR
  ?a)))
• REL ? (PP WH R PFORM ?p) ( S-inv, fin GAP (PP
  PFORM ?p)))
• The man who we saw at the store.
• The exam in which you found the error
• The man whose book you stole

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Relative clauses (Cont.)

• The man who read the paper (who is the subject)
• So Need the following rule
• REL ? NP R VP fin
• The man that we saw at the party
• The man that read the paper
• That need to be regarded as a relative pronoun
  with WH R

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Relative clauses (Cont.)

• Relative clauses that do not start with an
  appropriate wh-phrase
• The Paper John read
• The damage caused by the storm
• The issue creating the argument
• 2 and 3 are called Reduced Relative clauses
• REL ? (Sfin GAP (NP AGR ?a)))
• REL ? ( VP VFORM ing, pastprt)

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Relative clauses (Cont.)

• Can we have Relative clauses within wh_questions?
• Which dog1 did the man who2 we saw __2 holding
  the bone feed __1 ?
• CNP ? CNP REL
• (CNP GAP ?g) ? (CNP GAP ?g) (REL GAP -)
• Which dog1 did the man who2 we saw __2 petting
  __1 laughed?

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Hold Mechanism in ATNs

• A Hold List holds constituents that are to be
  moved
• There can be more than just one constituent on
  the hold list at a single time
• Constituents are added to the hold list by the
  Hold action
• Ex., Hold SUBJ puts the constituent in the SUBJ
  register on the hold list
• Pop arc of a network with a non empty hold list
  cannot be taken unless constituents on the list
  are used to fill the Gaps
• A VIR arc with a constituent name as its
  argument, can be followed only if the constituent
  category exists on the hold list (if followed the
  constituent is removed from the list)

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Hold Mechanism in ATNs
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Hold Mechanism (Cont.)
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1 The 2 man 3 who 4 we 5 saw 6 cried 7
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1 The 2 man 3 who 4 we 5 saw 6 cried 7
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1 The 2 man 3 who 4 we 5 saw 6 cried 7
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Hold Mechanism (Cont.)

• Who did the man see the boy
• The man who the boy cried ate the pie
• Who is put on the hold list but is not used by
  any VIR arc

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CFGs vesus ATNs

• Criteria
• Coverage
• Selectivity
• Conciseness
• Who did the man who saw hit the boy?
• Using HIDE to hide the hold list temporarily,
• and UNHIDE actions