Todays Agenda

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Todays Agenda

• Please place all bags, books, etc. at the back of
  the room
• Please sit in the following areas
• Throne and Controller-General same as yesterday

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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
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LOUIS XVI KING OF FRANCE
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MARIE ANTOINETTE
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Nobility, Clergy and Peasant

• Toward the end of the 18th c. France had a huge
  national debt.
• France took out loans to pay for wars with
  England and government operations
• By 1788, France spent half the annual budget for
  interest payments on the increasing national
  debt.

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Nobility, Clergy and Peasant

• 25 of budget paid for military expenses and 6
  for the lavish lifestyle of the king and his
  court at Versailles.
• With no other financial options available to the
  government, a sharp rise in taxes became
  inevitable.
• The tax burden fell to the peasants, since the
  clergy and nobility were exempt from taxes.
• At the same time peasants suffered through poor
  harvests and the price of bread soared.

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Growing Discontent

• Growth of population larger families needed
  more to support
• Economic conditions nobility clergy wanted
  higher rents, food prices soared, heavy taxes
  paid by Third Estate
• Clergy nobles paid no taxes
• Bourgeoisie wanted political voice
• Peasants, workers, and Bourgeoisie shared ideas
  of liberty and equality

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Financial Crisis

• To solve the financial crisis, King Louis XVI
  called for the Estates General to meet.
• Representative body, which had not been convened
  since 1614, divided France into three orders, or
  estates the clergy, nobility, and commoners.
• 1 vote per Estate

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Financial Disaster

• Louis XVI wanted to tax 1st 2nd Estate
• Refusal by 1st 2nd Estates to tax
• Bankers refused to lend any

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Meeting of the Estates General
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• In the meeting of the Estates General
• - Third Estate refused to conduct any business
  until the king ordered the three Estates to sit
  together as a single representative body.

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The Tennis Court Oath

• Estates General would meet and vote separately
• the Third Estate adopted the title National
  Assembly and declared itself the true
  representative body of France.
• On June 20th, 1787, members of the National
  Assembly, excluded from their hall in Versailles
  because of repairs, moved to a large indoor
  tennis court in Paris and swore the famous Tennis
  Court Oath, pledging never to disband until they
  had written a new constitution for France.

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The Storming of the Bastille

• By July of 1789, 25 of Paris unemployed, and
  bread prices soared so high many people were
  unable to buy food.
• Rumors spread - kings troops were coming to sack
  Paris, angry crowds seized arms for defense of
  the city

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The Storming of the Bastille

• On July 14, 1789, hundreds of people marched to
  the Bastille, a medieval fort and prison, to
  search for gunpowder.
• The commanding officer of the Bastille refused to
  give them gunpowder and fired on the crowd,
  killing 98 people.
• The soldiers finally surrendered and the
  revolutionary crowds took the Bastille.

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The Storming of the Bastille

• News spread across France, peasants began to rise
  in spontaneous revolts against their lords.
• The storming of the Bastille symbolizes the
  beginning of the French Revolution.

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The March on Versailles

• As the financial crisis grew worse, hunger and
  unemployment increased.
• On October 5, 7,000 desperate women marched 12
  miles from Paris to Versailles to demand bread.
• The women invaded the palace killing several
  guards.
• The king promised to give them bread immediately
  and accompany them back to Paris with his family.
• The heads of two nobles, stuck on pikes led the
  way, the king and his family never returned to
  Versailles.

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The End of the Old Regime

• National Assembly hoped to stop violence
• Outlawed tithe, canceled feudal dues, removed
  privileges of 1st 2nd Estate
• Adopted Declaration of Rights of Man and of the
  Citizen basic human rights/political powers
• Rights did not apply to women Olympe de Gouges
  Declaration of the Rights of Women and
  Citizenesses - rejected

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Loyalists to the Louis XVI

• French emigrants fled to other European nations
  and plotted to return throne and end Revolution

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Government Reforms

• Admin structure 83 districts departments
• Election of local officials
• Seized land of Catholic Church sold to pay
  natl debt
• Issued Civil Constitution of the Clergy people
  would elect own clergy, pope opposed, many
  Catholics begin to oppose Revolution

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Constitution of 1791

• The National Assembly later established a
  constitutional monarchy, which the king accepted
  in July of 1791.
• All lawmaking power was in the National Assembly,
  which was elected by the wealthier half of French
  males.
• The king remained head of state with veto power
  over any law passed by the assembly.
• The newly elected government seized the land of
  the Catholic Church and the land of nobility that
  fled France, this was an attempt to solve the
  financial crisis of France.

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The Execution of Louis XVI

• June 21, 1791 royal family attempted to flee
  France, they were caught and returned to Paris
• The king signed the 1791 constitution and then
  vetoed key revolutionary decrees
• A new, more radical government, the National
  Convention was elected in 1792

• France fought to save the Revolution in a war of
  people against the kings against Austria and
  Prussia
• Nov. 1792, incriminating documents are found that
  show the king was negotiating in secret to
  restore his authority and destroy the Constitution

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The Execution of Louis XVI

• The National Convention voted to convict Louis
  XVI of treason and then voted to sentence him to
  death in January of 1793, by one vote
• Just before he was guillotined, he declared
  calmly, I die innocent of all crimes of which I
  have been charged.

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The Execution of Louis XVI

• Queen Marie Antoinette was executed in October of
  1793.

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The Reign of Terror Begins

• 1792 National Convention held, two opposing
  groups emerge Girondins and the Jacobins
• Jacobins led by Danton and Robespierre extreme
  radicals wanted reforms for all classes of
  society
• Declared the beginning of the republic, abolished
  the monarchy
• Beheaded Louis XVI other European nations found
  this shocking

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The Reign of Terror

• France was at war with every major European
  power, the National Convention, led by
  Maximillien Robespierre, called for drastic
  measures to save France from enemies of the
  nation.
• By spring of 1794, the French army of 1 million,
  successfully defeated the European powers on all
  fronts.
• At home, Robespierre and followers believed that
  French citizens would have to be taught the
  virtues of the new Republic set up Committee
  for Public Safety, conscription drafted men for
  army

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Reign of Terror

• Other European nations kings feared French
  would try to overthrow royalty outside of France
• Joined in European alliance against France
• Pushed France from Austrian Netherlands and
  invaded France again

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The Reign of Terror

• The National Convention established 1792 as Year
  One of the Republic and created an entirely new
  calendar with new months, weeks, and days.
• Robespierre set up special revolutionary courts,
  responsible only to him, which tried citizens for
  treason against the revolution.

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Opponents of Robespierre

• Crimes ranged from saying, down with the
  Republic to maintaining a book with the kings
  seal on it.
• For those not deemed virtuous enough for the
  Republic, terror was the order of the day

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Opponents of Robespierre

• In two years, 40,000 French men and women were
  executed, often by guillotine.

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Opponents of Robespierre

• In July of 1794, after the Reign of Terror had
  wiped out many of Robespierres own friends,
  Robespierre himself was executed by guillotine.

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End of Reign of Terror

• Reign of Terror ends with death of Robespierre
  July 1794
• Jacobins lost power and wealthy middle class took
  control of National Convention
• Feelings of unrest persisted as economic
  conditions deteriorated

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Work of the National Convention

• 1792-1795 National Convention met and made many
  democratic reforms, effected every level of
  French society
• Created Committee of Public Safety controlled
  by Jacobins, tried to establish Republic of
  Virtue people would act according to the
  principles of good citizenship opened schools
  and supported universal elementary education

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Work of the National Convention

• Committee of Public Safety established wage and
  price controls intended to stop inflation
• Addressed human rights issues
• Abolished slavery in overseas colonies and
  encouraged religious toleration
• Adopted standard weights and measures with the
  metric system
• Created a new calendar, changed days of week to
  ten rather than seven not successful

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Work of the National Convention

• French army conquered more land as far as Rhine
  River in Germany
• Forced allied coalition of countries against
  France to break apart and become ineffective
• New militaristic spirit, used army to stop
  opposition at home

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The Directory

• 1795 National Convention completes another
  constitution and took office in November of 1795
• Two House legislature 500 member lower house
  proposed laws, smaller but more powerful upper
  house, 250 members, had power to accept or reject
  legislation

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The Directory

• Upper House had power to select executive branch
  which consisted of five individuals known as
  Directors
• Government now called Directory
• New constitution eliminated universal manhood
  suffrage only male property owners could vote
  wealthy controlled
• Five directors were weak, financial difficulties
  persisted

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The Coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte

• After 5 years of disastrous rule by a five-man
  executive called the Directory, Napoleon
  Bonaparte ruled France as a dictator and emperor
  for 15 years from 1799-1814.

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How Did Napoleon Take Power?

• Great victories in battles for France won him
  loyal followers he exaggerated his abilities
• British organized alliances in Europe to drive
  French from Italy other territories
• France feared loss of property power gained in
  Revolution
• Napoleon staged coup detat seized power by
  force now ruler of France

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The Napoleonic Era

• Napoleon turned France into a centrally
  controlled police state where revolutionary
  ideals of freedom of speech and press were
  constantly violated.
• Napoleon also advocated moderate reforms of the
  revolution, abolishing feudal privileges and
  securing the advances of the middle class and
  peasantry.
• Napoleons armies took most of continental Europe
  until losing in Russia, he abdicated in 1814.

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The Napoleonic Era The Consulate first 5 years

• 1799-1814 influence on France and Europe great
• French accepted dictatorship stability or
  afraid to protest
• Gave self unlimited power, First Consul, control
  of military, propose all new laws, dismiss
  officials
• Consulates legislative body could only vote yes
  or no
• Plebiscite yes or no vote no suggestions or
  changes vote on Constitution

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Government Accomplishments

• Napoleonic Code French laws organized
• Bank of France created
• Public education h.s., tech schools,
  universities elem schools church local
  control
• Concordat agreement w/ pope - recognized
  Catholics as citizens but also tolerated other
  religions, church gave up claims to property
  taken during Revolution
• 1802 Russia, Austria, G.B. attempted peace w/
  France

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Napoleon As Emperor

• Brought peace, economic prosperity, political
  stability
• 1804 plebiscite to declare France an empire
• Napoleon crowned emperor by pope
• British felt threatened by France 1804
  renewed war w/ France Austria, Russia, Sweden
  joined G.B., Spain to France

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France at War Again

• Napoleon wanted to defeat G.B. invade
• Horatio Nelson G.B. vice admiral stopped
  France from invading G.B.
• Napoleon won land battles against Austria
  Russia
• Continental System - France blockades G.B.,
  forbids F.E. allies from trading w/ G.B.
• British blockade France hurt industries
• France continues victories over Russia Austria

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The Reorganization of Europe

• 1809 N. dominates Europe Austria, Prussia sign
  peace treaty, Russia allies w/ France
• Ruled Netherlands, Spain, forced Denmark Papal
  States into alliance, abolished Holy Roman
  Empire, unified n. Italy into Kingdom of Italy
• All under Ns control

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The Reorganization of Europe

• Placed family members as monarchs in conquered
  countries
• Needed to produce an heir
• No children w/ Josephine marriage annulled
• Married Austrian princess Marie-Louise gave
  birth to Napoleon II - 1811

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The Reorganization of Europe

• Nationalism w/in conquered countries grew they
  disliked the French rule
• Opposition to French rule over conquered people
  grew

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The Peninsular War

• Portugal opposed Continental System needed
  trade w/ G.B.
• N. drove out king of Spain brother Joseph
  becomes king
• 1808 Spain revolts, G.B. aids Spain Portugal
  drained Frances economy
• 1813 Spain drives French out, rewrites
  constitution creates limited monarchy

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Catastrophe in Russia

• Angry at Alex I for trade w/ G.B.
• N. recruits Grand Army 600,000 soldiers to
  invade Russia
• Russia used scorched earth policy to lure French
  deeper into Russia
• French capture Moscow Russians burn it to the
  ground no housing for French troops, had to
  face harsh Russian winter

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Catastrophe in Russia

• Many soldiers died from cold, hunger, disease
  ordered retreat 10/19/1812
• Tactical error French troops lacked supplies
  food to return to France, Russians continued to
  attack 400,000 troops lost
• Russia attacks France

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Final Defeat

• Other European nations broke alliances w/ France
  Austria, Prussia, Russia, G.B. joined forces to
  defeat France
• Allies defeat N. at Leipzig march on Paris
• N. gives up all claims to throne family claims
• Forced to retire to Elba
• Restored boundaries of 1790 Bourbons at French
  Monarchs Louis XVIII became French king

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100 Days

• Louis XVIII made enemies of French people
• N. escapes from Elba, led army to capture Paris,
  Louis XVIII fled, N. rules France again
• Prussia, Russia, G.B, Netherlands send army to
  take N. out
• Waterloo 6/18/1815 G.B. allies defeat
  France, N. goes to St. Helena where he dies in
  1821
• Bourbons restored as monarchs

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Questions after Stage1

• How does it feel to be born into a role you
  cannot change?
• Who has the most power in society?
• Who has the least power in society?
• What are some advantages of organizing society in
  this way? What are some disadvantages?
• What do you think should be done to save the
  French nation?
• In what ways do you think your experience was
  different from the historical reality?
• In what ways do you think your experience was
  similar to the historical reality?

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Questions after Stage 1

• How did it feel to be a monarch?
• How did it feel to be the Controller-General?
• How did it feel to be a noble?
• How did it feel to be a member of the clergy?
• How did it feel to be a peasant?

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The Third Estate Responds to the Situation

• How many people of the Third Estate would now
  vote to meet apart from the privileged orders as
  the true representatives of the people of France
  and start their own government? Why?
• How many people of the First and Second Estates
  would support the members of the Third Estate who
  wish to start a new government? Why?

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The Third Estate Responds to the Situation

• Describe what happened at the Estates General.
• How does it feel to be a member of the Third
  Estate?
• Do you agree with the results of the Estates
  General? Explain.
• Which groups had the most power during the
  Estates General? The least power?
• How did you feel when the famine occurred? Why?
• What options do the members of the Third Estate
  have to change their status?

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Connecting with History stage 2

• How did it feel to be a monarch during the
  meeting of the Estates General?
• How did it feel to be the Controller-General
  during the meeting of the Estates General?
• How did it feel to be a member of the clergy
  during the meeting of the Estates General?
• How did it feel to be a peasant during the
  meeting of the Estates General?

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Connecting with History stage 2

• For those who voted to meet as a separate body,
  how did it feel to take that action?
• For those who chose not to become part of the
  revolutionary movement, how did it feel to see so
  many people move toward revolution?
• Who might have the most power in society after
  the meeting of the Estates General? Who might
  have the least?
• What questions do you have about the similarities
  between your experience and the historical
  reality? About the differences?

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Connecting the Experience to History Stage 3

• Describe what you observed in this stage of the
  activity.
• Why did the National Assembly turn against the
  king?
• How did you feel when Robespierre gave his
  initial speech and showed the secret document?
• How did you feel when the king was executed?

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Connecting the Experience to History Stage 3

• How did you feel toward Robespierre during the
  Reign of Terror? How did you feel when
  classmates were executed?
• How did you feel when Robespierre was executed?
• What do you think occurred in France after
  Robespierre was executed?
• In what ways do you think your experience was
  different from the French roles you played? In
  what ways do you think your experience was
  similar?

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