Environmental Objectives in Transport Planning

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Environmental Objectives in Transport Planning

• by Karsten Krause

14 October 2004
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Outline

• Environmental-sound Transport Systems
• Sustainable Transport
• Indicators,Benchmarks Objectives
• Driving Forces of the Transport Market
• 3 Market Model
• Driving Forces
• Environmental Objectives in Transport Plans
• From TERM Indicators to Transport Targets
• Example Objectives for Air Pollution
• Conclusions

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About TE

• Netherlands
• Norway
• Poland
• Portugal
• Romania
• Slovenia
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• UK

• Members in
• Austria
• Belgium
• Czech Slovak Rep
• Denmark
• Estonia
• France
• Germany
• Greece
• Hungary
• Italy

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About TE
Spanish Members Asociatión para a Defensa
Ecolóxica de Galiza (ADEGA)  Ecologistas en
accion  P.T.P. - Associao per la promocio del
transport public 
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TE Priorities

• True Prices
• Climate Change and Energy Use
• Aviation
• Shipping
• Health and Quality of Life
• European Investment in Transport

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Key Messages...
1.) Traffic Prevention 2.) Modal Shift 3.)
Optimisation ? Getting the Prices Right
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Outline

• Environmental-sound Transport Systems
• Sustainable Transport
• Indicators, Benchmarks Objectives
• Driving Forces of the Transport Market
• 3 Market Model
• Driving Forces
• Environmental Objectives in Transport Plans
• From TERM Indicators to Transport Targets
• Example Objectives for Air Pollution
• Conclusions

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(No Transcript)
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Transport Problems

• Economic Problems
• Congestion
• Fuel Supply
• Environmental Problems
• Atmospheric Pollution
• Land Fragmentation
• Social Problems
• Safety Risks
• Health Impact

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A Sustainable Transport System...

• ...allows basic access and development needs of
  individuals, companies and societies to be met
  safely and in a manner consistent with human and
  ecosystem health, and promises equity within and
  between successive generations
• ...is affordable, operates fairly and
  efficiently, offers choice of transport mode, and
  supports a competitive economy, as well as
  balanced regional development
• ...limits emissions and waste within the planets
  ability to absorb them, uses renewable resources
  at or below their rates of generation, and, uses
  non-renewable resources at or below the rates of
  development of renewable substitutes while
  minimising the impact on land and the generation
  of noise
• (Council of the EU 2001.)

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Environmental Indicators Objectives
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Environmental Indicators Objectives

• Indicator
• Def. A numerical measure of quality,
  representing data that have been collected.
• Best known indicator Human Body Temperature
• Direct Environmental Indicators CO2 Emission
  / GDP Unit Biodiversity / Square Kilometre
• Indirect Environmental Indicators Cars /
  Inhabitants Population Density

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Environmental Indicators Objectives

• Benchmark
• Def. A measurement or standard that serves as a
  point of reference by which process performance
  is measured.
• Best known benchmark 37 C
• Benchmarks Per Capita Comparison Historic
  Comparison EURO Emission Standards
  Convergence Criteria

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Environmental Indicators Objectives

• Objective
• Def. A goal intended to be attained and which is
  believed to be attainable. Could be qualitative
  or quantitative.
• Best known objectives reduce fever / stay
  healthy
• Environmental Objectives EU Air Quality
  Standards UNFCCC / Kyoto Commitments

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TERM Indicators

• TERM
• Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism
• European Environment Agency / European Commission
• Indicator-based reporting
• Initiated in early 1998.
• Output reports through which the effectiveness
  of transport and environment integration
  strategies are monitored.

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TERM Indicators

• Groups
• Environmental consequences of transport
• Transport demand and intensity
• Spatial planning and accessibility
• Supply of transport infrastructure and services
  
• Transport costs and prices
• Technology and utilisation efficiency
• Management integration

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How is the EU doing?
European Environment Agency 27 indicators on
sustainable development
6 indicators lack sufficient data
8 indicators have not shown progress
13 indicators have become worse !

• ZERO indicators show sufficient improvement

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Outline

• Environmental-sound Transport Systems
• Sustainable Transport
• Indicators,Benchmarks Objectives
• Driving Forces of the Transport Market
• 3 Market Model
• Driving Forces
• Environmental Objectives in Transport Plans
• From TERM Indicators to Transport Targets
• Example Atmospheric Pollutants from Road
  Transport
• Conclusions

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Transport Market

• Movement Market
• Activities in the Society
• Spatial Structure
• Transport Market
• Movement Patterns
• Transport Means Services
• Traffic Market
• Transport Streams
• Infrastructure

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Outline
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Outline
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Transport Market Outcomes
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Outline
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Outline
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Outline

• Environmental-sound Transport Systems
• Sustainable Transport
• Indicators,Benchmarks Objectives
• Driving Forces of the Transport Market
• 3 Market Model
• Driving Forces
• Environmental Objectives in Transport Plans
• From TERM Indicators to Transport Targets
• Example Objectives for Air Pollution
• Conclusions

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Environmental Objectives

• Planning Process
• Cost-/Benefit Analysis
• Strategic Environmental Assessemt (SEA)
• Environmental Minimum Standards
• Respecting Existing Environmental Legislation
• Positive Contribution to Policy EU / National
  Commitments
• Environmental Objectives
• Reducing Transport Demand
• Modal Shift
• Reducing Environmental Impact

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TERM Indicators

• Groups
• Environmental consequences of transport
• Transport demand and intensity
• Spatial planning and accessibility
• Supply of transport infrastructure and services
  
• Transport costs and prices
• Technology and utilisation efficiency
• Management integration

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TERM01 Environmental consequences of transport

• T01 Transport final energy consumption by mode
• T02 Transport emissions of greenhouse gases by
  mode
• T03 Transport emissions of air pollutants by mode
• T04 Exceedance of air quality objectives (due to
  traffic)
• T05 Exposure to and annoyance by traffic noise
• T06 Fragmentation of ecosystems and habitats
• T07 Proximity of infrastructure to designated
  areas
• T08 Land take by transport infrastructure
• T09 Number of transport accidents, fatalities and
  injured
• T10 Accidental oil spills, illegal discharges
  from marine shipping
• T11 Generation of waste

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TERM02 Transport demand and intensity

• T12 Passenger transport demand by mode and
  purpose
• T13 Freight transport demand by mode and group of
  goods

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TERM03 Spatial planning and accessibility

• T14 Access to basic services (average
  passenger journey time and length per mode,
• T15 Regional accessibility of markets and
  cohesion
• T16 Access to transport services

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TERM04 Supply of transport infrastructure and
services

• T18 Capacity of transport infrastructure networks
• T19 Investments in transport infrastructure
  (per capita and by mode)

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TERM05 Transport costs and prices

• T20 Transport prices (real change in passenger
  and freight transport price by mode)
• T21 Fuel prices and taxes
• T22 Transport taxes and charges
• T23 Subsidies
• T24 Expenditure on personal mobility by income
  group
• T25 External costs of transport
• T26 Internalisation of external costs

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TERM06 Technology and utilisation efficiency

• T27 Overall energy efficiency and specific CO2
  emissions (per passenger-km and per
  tonne-km and by mode)
• T28 Emissions per passenger-km and per tonne-km
  (NOx ,NMVOCs,PM 10 ,SOx by mode)
• T29 Occupancy rates of passenger vehicles
• T30 Load factors for freight transport
• T31 Uptake of cleaner and alternative fuels
• T32 Size and composition of the vehicle fleet
• T33 Average age of the vehicle fleet
• T34 Proportion of vehicle fleet meeting certain
  emission standards (by mode)

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TERM07 Management Integration

• T35 Number of Member States that implement an
  integrated strategy
• T36 Institutional cooperation in transport and
  environment
• T37 Number of Member States with a national
  transport and environment monitoring
  system
• T38 Uptake of strategic environmental assessment
  in the transport sector
• T40 Public awareness and behaviour

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Strategic Environment Assessment
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Strategic Environment Assessment (1/2)

• SEA, a holistic approach that considers the
  projected environmental impacts over time of
  multiple actions within a region or ecosystem.
• SEA provides decision-makers with information,
  strategies and actual and projected information
  on environmental effects.
• SEA enable policy makers to anticipate effects
  on species, habitats and ecological processes
  that site-specific studies do not capture.

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Strategic Environment Assessment (2/2)

• SEA assessment elements
• Habitat mapping
• Risk analysis
• Sensitivity mapping
• Cost- /Benefit Ratios

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Air Quality in London
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Air Quality in London
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Air Quality and Road Transport

• Options to achieve better air quality
• Restrict access to sensitive areas
• Price incentives
• Stricter emission standards

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Outline

• Environmental-sound Transport Systems
• Sustainable Transport
• Indicators,Benchmarks Objectives
• Driving Forces of the Transport Market
• 3 Market Model
• Driving Forces
• Environmental Objectives in Transport Plans
• From TERM Indicators to Transport Targets
• Example Objectives for Air Pollution
• Conclusions

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Conclusions

• Sustainability Perspective on the Transport Plan
• Integration of Stakeholders
• True Prices for all Transport Users

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Thank you
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Further Information

• www.eea.eu.int
• www.summa-eu.org

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  Europe wide level for an environmentally
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• Boulevard de Waterloo, 34 1000 Brussels
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