Leonardos Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies Ben Shneiderman bencs.umd.edu Found

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Leonardos LaptopHuman Needs and the New
Computing TechnologiesBen Shneiderman
ben_at_cs.umd.eduFounding Director (1983-2000),
Human-Computer Interaction LabProfessor,
Department of Computer ScienceMember, Institutes
for Advanced Computer Studies Systems
ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD
20742
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Interdisciplinary research community -
Computer Science Psychology - Information
Studies Education
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
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Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly)

• Specify users and tasks
• Predict and measure
• time to learn
• speed of performance
• rate of human errors
• human retention over time
• Assess subjective satisfaction
  (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)
• Accommodate individual differences
• Consider social, organizational cultural
  context

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Design Issues

• Input devices strategies
• Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
• Direct manipulation
• Menus, forms, commands
• Output devices formats
• Screens, windows, color, sound
• Text, tables, graphics
• Instructions, messages, help
• Collaboration communities
• Manuals, tutorials, training

www.awl.com/DTUI hcibib.org useit.com
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U.S. Library of Congress

• Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
• Teachers, Students

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Visible Human Explorer (NLM)

• Doctors
• Surgeons
• Researchers
• Students

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NASA Environmental Data

• Scientists
• Farmers
• Land planners
• Students

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Bureau of the Census

• Economists, Policy makers, Journalists
• Teachers, Students

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NSF Digital Government Initiative

• Find what you need
• Understand what you Find

• Census,
• NCHS,
• BLS, EIA,
• NASS, SSA

www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/
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International Childrens Digital Libary
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Zooming User Interfaces

www.cs.umd.edu/jazz
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/datelens
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Zooming User Interfaces DateLens
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/datelens
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Information Visualization

• The eye
• the window of the soul,
• is the principal means
• by which the central sense
• can most completely and
• abundantly appreciate
• the infinite works of nature.
• Leonardo da Vinci
• (1452 - 1519)

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Treemap Stock market, industry clustered
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Treemap Newsmap
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Treemap Product catalogs
www.hivegroup.com
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Treemap Gene Ontology
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap/
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LifeLines
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/lifelines/
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Leonardos Laptop
The old computing is about what computers can
do, The New Computing is about what people can
do
mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop www.cs.umd.edu/h
cil/newcomputing
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An Inspirational Muse Leonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519)

• Renaissance Man
• Combined science art
• Integrated engineering esthetics
• Balanced technology advances human
  values
• Merged visionary practical

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Goals for The New Computing

• 1) Usable Reliable comprehensible
• 2) Universal Diverse users varied
  equipment
• 3) Useful In harmony with
  human needs

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1) Usable Ending User Frustration

• Goal make computer usage less frustrating
• Identify top ten frustrations
• Measure severity frequency in lost time
• Determine if the situation is improving

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1) Time diary study

• Self reports observations (111 students)
• Pre-session survey
• demographic information
• computer experience and attitudes
• level of computer anxiety, mood
• Users spend 2.5 hours (average)
• Report their frustrating experiences
• Post-session survey
• assess mood after the session
• overall frustration level
• loss of time

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1) Frequent Frustrations (out of 373)
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1) Minutes lost (111 subjects) 46
Minutes lost 7902
Total minutes 17,453
2081
1196
1230
3395
Web browsing
Other minutes lost
OS
Productive minutes
Email
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• 2) Universal Digital Divide Remains Troubling

Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment
  U.S. Department of Commerce www.ntia.doc.gov/nti
ahome/dn/
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2) Universal Diverse Users Varied Equipment

• User diversity Accommodate users with
  different skills, knowledge, age, gender,
  disabilities, disabling conditions
  (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight),
  literacy, culture, income, etc.
• Technology variety Support broad range of
  hardware, software, and network access
• Gaps in user knowledge Bridge the gap
  between what users know and what they need
  to know

Communications of the ACM, May 2000
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2) Universal Usability in Practice
www.otal.umd.edu/uupractice/
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3) Useful Generative Theories
Beneficial theories - Descriptive -
Explanatory - Predictive - Prescriptive but
the big step forward will be -
Generative Theories to guide our invention of
new technologies
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3) Theories of Human Needs

• Jefferson Life, Liberty the Pursuit of
  Happiness
• Roosevelt Freedom of speech expression,
  religion, from want, from fear
• Maslow Hierarchy of human needs
• Physiological
• Safety
• Love
• Esteem
• Self-Actualization
• Covey Living, Loving, Learning Leaving a
  legacy

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Human Needs for Relationships

• Relationships
• Self working on your own
• Family Friends 2-50 close intimates
• Colleagues Neighbors 50-5000 acquaintances
• Citizens Markets 5000 and more
•  

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Human Needs for Activities

• Activities
• Collect Information
• Relate Communication
• Create Innovation
• Donate Dissemination

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Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate

• Relationships
• Self
• Family Friends
•  
• Colleagues Neighbors
•   
• Citizenry Markets
•  

Skeptics corner - Are relationships more
complex? - Are these useful activities?
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Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate

• Relationships
• Self
• Family Friends
•  
• Colleagues Neighbors
•   
• Citizenry Markets
•  

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PhotoFinder
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photolib
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PhotoMesa
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photomesa
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Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate
Relationships Self Family Friends  
Colleagues Neighbors    Citizenry
Markets  
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Future Directions

• E-learning The new education
• E-business The new commerce
• E-healthcare The new medicine
• E-government The new politics
• Mega-creativity
• Grander Goals The Next Leonardo

www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

• Three lessons
• 1) Usable Reliable comprehensible
• 2) Universal Diverse users varied
  equipment
• 3) Useful In harmony with
  human needs

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The old computing is about what computers can
do, The New Computing is about what people can
do
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory www.cs.umd.e
du/hcil
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22nd Annual Symposium June 2-3, 2005
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory www.cs.umd.e
du/hcil
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Getting to the Golden Age of Usability

• Action Items
• Developers Apply usability guidelines
  testing methods
• Web producers Develop UU statements
• Managers Provide responsible leadership
• Journalists Raise public expectations
• Policy makers Raise clarify requirements
• Funders Expand research on usability
• Educators Disseminate scientific results
• Researchers Explore bold new visions

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ACM Code of Ethics

• In a fair society, all individuals would have
  equal opportunity to participate in,
  or benefit from, the use of computer
  resources
  regardless of race, sex, religion,
  age, disability, national origin
  or other such similar factors.