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Academic Integrity and proper citation

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Failure to cite quotations of others' work. ... Put it between quotation marks and cite it. Easy, isn't it? Three or more words. What constitutes a quote: ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Academic Integrity and proper citation


1
Academic Integrityand proper citation
2
Plagiarism
  • Types of plagiarism
  • Failure to cite borrowed ideas.
  • Failure to cite quotations of others work.
  • Paraphrasing too closely, especially long
    passages or multiple paragraphs.
  • Self plagiarism.

3
Borrowed ideas
  • Did you get an idea directly from a source?
  • Cite it.
  • Example
  • Author claims that the French Revolution was
    caused by the Monarchys massive debts.
  • The author did the research, give the author
    credit.

4
  • Did you get an idea indirectly from a source?
  • Example
  • The French Monarchy lost power due to its massive
    debts (Authors Idea). This power vacuum allowed
    the middle class to rise in political prominence.
    (Your idea).
  • Cite the Authors idea. Dont cite your idea.
  • Good practice establish your facts with solid
    sources, cite them, then provide your
    interpretation of what those facts indicate.

5
Citing quotations
  • Are you using a direct quote from someone else?
  • Put it between quotation marks and cite it.
  • Easy, isnt it?

6
Three or more words
  • What constitutes a quote
  • Technically taking three or more words in a row
    from your source material.
  • So, taking the phrase uncertain political
    climate from your source without putting it
    quotes is plagiarism.
  • But in practice, youll never be called on In
    other words or The next year or any other
    extremely common string of words.

7
One-word plagiarism
  • Exception to the three-word rule Presenting
    someone elses new term or phrase as your own
    invention.
  • This new form of civil disobedience, which Ill
    call ecoterrorism, took many forms
  • Better This new form of civil disobedience,
    which Jane Robbins dubbed ecoterrorism, took
    many forms.

8
Good Quoting
  • Good practice quote only the quotable.
  • Is it interesting that American Revolutionary
    Patrick Henry said Give Me Liberty or Give Me
    Death!
  • Yes.
  • Is it interesting that Robert Reich, Secretary of
    Labor during the Clinton administration, said
    that the Employment rate increased 1.3 in the
    second quarter of 1994?
  • No.
  • The fact might be interesting, or relevant to
    your point, but theres little reason for the
    exact quote.

9
Online Resources for Plagiarists
  • Any relevant article on the internet.
  • Term-paper sites offer a variety of papers on
    different subjects.
  • Some require payment
  • Some make money on advertising revenue, or by
    collecting email addresses to resell elsewhere

10
Online resources for Instructors
  • Anti-plagiarism websites and software
    (www.turnitin.com and others)
  • Collect frequently-used online term papers and
    compares them to submitted student papers
  • Collects submitted student-written papers for a
    given class and compares them to other students
    papers.
  • Easiest method google search engine one
    unusual phrase
  • Students who plagiarize dont usually dig deep
    for their source material.

11
Medicaments
  • The use of medicaments in professional sports
  • Medicaments a term for medicines or
    pharmaceuticals. Used widely in the early and
    mid 1800s, but outdated by 1880-1890.
  • Occasionally still in use among students of
    English as a foreign language, particularly in
    schools in India and the Middle East.
  • My personal record identified plagiarism four
    words into a paper.

12
Figures, Illustrations, Photos.
  • Did you draw the illustration, plot the graph, or
    take the photo?
  • No?
  • Cite it.
  • If you dont cite it, the reader will assume you
    created it yourself.
  • (Note if you make the graph but found the data
    elsewhere, cite the source of the data)

13
Simultaneous discovery
  • Simultaneous discovery
  • If you generate your own idea about a subject,
    and the idea is nearly identical to a source you
    havent read yet, you arent obligated to cite
    it.
  • This can be hard to distinguish from genuine
    plagiarism.

14
Unintentional Plagiarism
  • Comes from
  • Paraphrasing sources, then editing and
    accidentally changing it to something too close
    to the original.
  • Forgetting to note the source of an idea or quote
    youve found, and then forgetting it was your
    own.
  • It can be difficult or impossible to prove this
    mistake was accidental.

15
Self plagiarism
  • How can you plagiarize yourself?
  • By turning in the same paper to two different
    classes.
  • Note not all instructors consider this
    plagiarism.
  • (For instance, I dont)
  • Always ask first.
  • Also your TAs and your instructors can have
    different ideas about what constitutes plagiarism.

16
General Knowledge
  • You do not need to cite general knowledge.
  • Whats general knowledge?
  • Force equals mass times acceleration.
  • Romeo and Juliet was written by William
    Shakespeare.
  • The United States of America declared its
    independence in 1776.

17
  • Is this general information?
  • Human and chimpanzee DNA are 99 identical.
  • A wide variety of mental illnesses are mislabeled
    as Schizophrenia.
  • Roosevelt knew about the impending Pearl Harbor
    attack days before December 7th, 1941.
  • Note as you advance in a field, whats
    considered General Knowledge can change.
  • When in any doubt, though, cite.
  • Youll never get in trouble for over-citing.

18
Outside Academia
  • Plagiarism is a purely academic crime.
  • It isnt, in fact, a crime either criminal or
    civil.
  • But its a violation of academic ethics and you
    can be punished for it.
  • By attending a school, you agree to the school
    policies whether or not youve read them.
  • Outside academia, its still a good idea to give
    credit where its due.

19
Proper Citations
  • Step one pick a style guide.
  • Any style guide is better than no style guide.
  • Saves time.
  • Prevents stylistic inconsistencies.
  • Your instructor will notice.
  • Some instructors may insist on a specific style
    guide. (Not such a frequent issue at the
    undergraduate level.)

20
Style Guides
  • Dictate whether
  • Are books and movies underlined? In Italics?
  • Do I center justify text? Left justify only?
  • July 19, 1969? or Jul. 19, 1969 or 19 Jul
    1969? or 7/19/69?...
  • Do I write 5 or five? If its five, do I
    spell out 14,768?
  • Most importantly how do I cite my sources?

21
Style Guides
  • General interest Chicago Manual of Style
  • Arts and Humanities MLA (Modern Language
    Association)
  • Chemistry ACS (American Chemical Society)
  • Engineering IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
    Electronics Engineers)
  • Social Sciences APA (American Psychological
    Association)
  • Note Sociology, while also a Social Science, has
    its own style ASA (American Sociological
    Association)
  • Many, many others.

22
Simple, One-Author Book Citation
  • MLA Last name, first name. Underlined Title.
    Place of publication publisher, date of
    publication.
  • Kerouac, Jack. Atop an Underwood. New York
    Penguin, 2000.
  • APA Last name, authors initial (date of
    publication). Italicized Title. Place of
    publications, publisher.
  • Kerouac, J. (2000). Atop an Underwood. New York
    Penguin.

23
Citing Electronic Sources
  • Check your style guide for specifics.
  • Typically includes
  • Name of the author (if given)
  • Site title
  • Names of any editors
  • Date of publication or last update
  • Date of access
  • The URL

24
  • Examples
  • Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther,
    1999, Accessed Jan 7, 2003. http//pweb.netcom.co
    m/supeters/luther.htm
  • United States, Environmental Protection Agency.
    Values and Functions of Wetlands., May 25, 1999.
    Accessed March 24, 2001. http//www.epa.gov-owow/
    wetlands/facts/fact2.html
  • (Examples taken from A Pocket Style Guide, Fourth
    Edition, Diana Hacker 2004)

25
Other forms of citation
  • Citing interviews
  • Citing multiple or unknown authors
  • Citing a musical composition
  • Citing a pamphlet
  • Citing a personal letter
  • Instructors note if its a type of information
    source, youre probably not the first one to
    discover it.
  • Its faster to look it up than to invent your own
    mode of citation.
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