How do you make decisions about the world around you?

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How do you make decisions about the world around
you?
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Stimuli
What is the information OUTSIDE your body called?
Stimuli include light sound heat
pressure chemical
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What is it called when the stimuli are detected
and transferred?
Sensation
(A physical reaction within the body in response
to an external stimuli)
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Sensation Past Experience
Perception
(The organization of sensation into meaningful
information)
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Sensation is to perception as________ is to
___________

• A. Interpretation organization
• B. Transmission interpretation
• C. Integration interpretation
• D. Adaptation interpretation

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Sensation is to perception as________ is to
___________

• A. Interpretation organization
• B. Transmission interpretation
• C. Integration interpretation
• D. Adaptation interpretation

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Do we detect every stimulus in our environment?

• No, it has to be strong enough for us to detect.
  We have a sensory threshold.

Two types of sensory thresholds. - Absolute
threshold - Difference threshold
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Absolute threshold

• The smallest possible strength of a stimulus that
  can be detected half the time.

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Difference Threshold(Just Noticeable Difference)

• the smallest possible change in a stimulus that
  can be detected half the time.
• True OR false? . Our sensory experiences
  depend more on changes than the absolute size of
  the stimulus.

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Difference Threshold(Just Noticeable Difference)

• True
• Sensory experiences depend more on changes than
  the absolute size of the stimulus.

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Difference Threshold(Just Noticeable Difference)
Example What do you notice more? 3 brick into
an empty backpack? OR 3 brick into a 100
backpack ?
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Webers law

• The larger or stronger a stimulus, the larger the
  amount of change required for an observer to
  notice a difference.
• Doubling sweetness takes 3x the sugar
• 2x the light lt doubly bright

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Sensory Adaptation

• -Our sensory receptor cells become less
  responsive to a constant stimulus.

-This allows us to quickly notice new or changing
stimuli.
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Sensory Adaptation
Give me an example Movie theater
lighting pressure of your clothes hot / cold
(esp. water) Odors in a lab Street noise
(background)
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Sensory Adaptation (p. 212)
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Signal Detection Theory

• Studies the relationship between
• Motivation, Sensitivity , Decision Making
• Different thresholds depending on the
  circumstances (importance of the detection
  matters)
• Radar operator looking for a blip
• Expecting to see someone at a party

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THE SENSES

• Vision
• Hearing
• Smell
• Taste

• Touch
• Vestibular
• Kinesthetic

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VISION

• Light waves.rods cones in eyes
• Controlled by Occipital lobe
• Vision involves changing light energy into
  energy of the nervous system.

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Rods and Cones

• RODS

Not sensitive to color.
Require little light to function useful in
night vision.
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Rods and cones

• CONES

Sensitive to color
Require more light than rods useful for daytime
vision.
Study tip cones color..both start w/ c.
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Binocular fusion - The combining of the two
images that the eyes receive.

• Retinal disparity -
• The difference between the two images on the
  retina.

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Hearing
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Hearing
Sound waves move hairs in Ears Controlled by
upper temporal area of cerebral cortex Ear bones
convert vibrations into signal
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Taste
Soluble substances on taste buds of the
Tongue Controlled by Cerebral cortex (temporal
lobe) What is the Stimulus? Chemical
molecules
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Mr. Tongue
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Smell
Volatile substances contact hair cells in
nose Controlled by olfactory bulb (front
temporal) Olfactory nerve one of the longest in
the body.1 synapse on the way to the brain!
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Smell
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Touch
Pressure, warmth, cold and pain receptors in the
skin Controlled by parietal lobe
headband Sensitivity to pressure varies from
place to place in the skin. (Mr. Homunculus p
235)
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Vestibular
Mechanical / gravitational forces operate on
inner ear Controlled by cerebellum parietal
lobe Regulates the bodys sense of balance by
sending messages from semicircular canal fluid to
brain.
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Kinesthetic

• Body movements w/in muscles/joints/tendons
• Controlled by cerebellum cerebral cortex
  (esp. parietal)
• Senses movement and position of body parts

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Kinesthetic How does it work?

• Sensory neurons located in the joints and muscles
  communicate information to the brain about
  changes in body position.
• Maintain posture balance

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Gestalt

• The perception of stimuli as wholesrather than
  bits and pieces.

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x
x x x x
oo X x x xx
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x
x x x x
oo X x x xx
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Three Gestalt principles

• Closure

Proximity
Similarity
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Closure

• Tendency to group according to enclosed or
  completed figures rather than open or incomplete
  parts.

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Closure
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Closure
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Proximity

• Tendency to group together objects that are close
  to each other.

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Proximity
3 columns 3 Rows
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Similarity

• Tendency to group elements together that are
  similar to one another.

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Similarity
Columns Rows
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Figure and Ground

• One form of perceptual organization in which we
  distinguish between an object and its background.

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Figure and ground
Vase or face?
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http//www.gsw.edu/gfisk/anim/gestalt.sw
f
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Perceptual inference

• Perception based on sensory input and past
  experience.
• Mostly automatic unconscious
• Fill in the gaps of what you sense!

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Perceptual inference

• Auditory
• hear a bark assume its your dog
• Visual
• driving over a hill, you ASSUME the road
  continues

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We learn to perceive

• Learned babies learn to recognize faces
• Interaction with our environment is necessary for
  the development of perception. (Kitten example)
• Influenced by
• -needs
• -beliefs
• -expectations
• Cant just RIDE in the car.you must DRIVE!

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We learn to perceive

• Perceptual Set-
• You tend to believe/see what you expect
• heuristics lead to
• pre-judging (mis-judging)
• racism

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External (monocular) cues
Interposition
Relative height
Texture-density
Light Shadow
Aerial Atmosphere
Motion parallax
Linear
Relative Motion
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Relative Height Farther objects appear smaller
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Relative Height Farther objects appear smaller
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Interposition Whole object closer than partial
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Shadows attached or cast? Give position clues
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Shadows attached or cast? Give position clues
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Shadows attached or cast? Give position clues
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Texture Density Near objects more detail
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Texture Density Far objects less detail
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Aerial Atmospheric Bluing-far looks blue
graying pollution helps
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Aerial Atmospheric Bluing-far looks blue
graying pollution helps
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Aerial Atmospheric Bluing-far looks blue
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Motion parallax
As you move, NEAR objects seem to move more than
FAR objects cars on a highway objects in a
straight line of sight
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Linear Perspective parallel lines meet in
distance
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Linear Perspective
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Accommodation

• The thickening or thinning of the lens to focus
  on objects near or far.

• Thickens for near objects.

Thins for distant objects.
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Relative motion

• If you look near, far things move with you.
• If you look far, near things move in the opposite
  direction.
• Look out your car window!

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Relative motion
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Internal / Binocular cues
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Convergence

• Eyes turn inward to look at an object.

As the eyes turn inward, the muscles of the eyes
send messages to the brain telling it the object
is near.
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Retinal Disparity / Binocular Fusion

• The two eyes see different images, the brain
  recognizes this, and then calculates distance.
• The two images are fused into one, creating one
  large, coherent image in your brain.

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Constancy

• The tendency to perceive certain objects in the
  same even though light, angle, or distance may
  change.

3 Types
Size/distance
Shape/angle
Brightness/color
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Size constancy all the same sizebut pilots
know this better than you!
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Shape constancy

• Perceive the shape of a known object as remaining
  unchanged although we may perceive it from
  different angles
• (different images cast on our retina)

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Brightness constancy

• Perceive the brightness of an object as stable or
  unchanging regardless of a change in lighting.

Objects in sunlight shade
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Illusions

• Illusions occur when we misperceive the true
  characteristics or properties of an object.

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Illusions

• Spatial summation A collection of individuals
  a different whole

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Sunday Afternoon on the Island of Grand Jatte by
Georges Seurat (1884-1886)
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Does our mind always accurately represent
reality?
-Ames room (p. 231)
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Muller-Lyer Illusion
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Subliminal Perception
subliminal means literally below the threshold.
-1957 movie theater experiment -subsequent
experiments do NOT support this! -There IS
evidence that we can detect subliminal
information -Word Recognition experiment -Explanat
ion for déjà vu?
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Extra Sensory Perception
Receiving info. From channels other than the
normal senses -Clairvoyance perception w/o
sensory input -Telepathy mind reading / thought
transference -Psychokinesis moving objects
w/mind -Precognition foretelling of events
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Extra Sensory Perception
- Ms. Cleo - 6th Sense - Yuri Geller - Spoon
Bending - John Edward - The Amazing Randi
million challenge