Medical Applications of Nanotechnology

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Medical Applications of Nanotechnology

• Luke and Matt
• Group 1

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Outline

• Background
• Applications
• Current Research
• Nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels (UC
  Berkeley)
• Magnetic Nanoparticles (NanoBMI)
• Tissue Engineering (University of Minnesota)
• DNA Chips (U. of Wisconsin, Stanford)
• Detection of chemical and biological warfare
  agents (Naval Research Laboratory)
• BioCom Chip (UC Berkeley)
• Future Possibilites
• Oxygen Selective Pump (Merkle)
• Nanorobots, Respirocytes (Freitas,
  http//www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine)
• Cell Repair Machines (Drexler)
• Conclusion

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Background

• Nanomedicine is the monitoring, repair,
  construction, and control of human biological
  systems at the molecular level using engineered
  nanodevices and nanostructures.
• Microscopic machines were first hypothesized by
  Richard Feynman in 1959.
• K. Eric Drexler described many applications of
  these machines in Engines of Creation.
• Currently, several university and industrial
  research groups are developing medical
  applications for nanotechnology.

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Nanocrystals as Fluorescent Biological Labels
3.5 nm crystals bound to cell nucleus
Bruchez, M. Jr., M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss,
and A.P. Alivisatos. 1998. Semiconductor
nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels.
Science 2812013-2016. Chan, W.C.W., and S.M.
Nie. 1998. Quantum dot bioconjugates for
ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science
2812016-2018. http//www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/IW
GN.Research.Directions/chapter08.pdf
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NanoBMI
Biofunctional devices based on magnetic
nanoparticles

• Delivery and controlled release of therapeutics
• Bioswitches for organ function
• Imaging

Charles Seeney President of NanoBMI
http//www.nanobmi.com
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Tissue Engineering

• Nano/micro particles, including living animal
  cells, bacteria, and colloidal gold (100 nm), can
  be optically guided and deposited in arbitrarily
  defined three-dimensional arrays, a process
  called laser-guided direct-writing.

Odde, D.J. and M.J. Renn. 1998. Laser-based
direct-write lithography of cells. Ann. Biomed.
Eng. 26S-141. http//www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/IWG
N.Research.Directions/chapter08.pdf
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DNA Chips
Yeast cells were grown under various conditions
the amount of red or yellow light represents the
level of RNA produced from the DNA in that gene,
under those conditions.
Brown, P. 1999. http//cmgm.stanford.edu/pbrown/ye
astchip.html http//www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/IWGN.
Research.Directions/chapter08.pdf
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Detection of Chemical and Biological Warfare
Agents
One technique uses atomic force microscopy with a
sandwich immunoassay attaching magnetic beads to
a microfabricated cantilever sensitive to small
displacements.
J. Murday, Colton, R. 1999. (Chemistry Division,
Naval Research Laboratory). http//www.wtec.org/lo
yola/nano/IWGN.Research.Directions/chapter08.pdf
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BioCOM Chip

• Three cantilevers coated with three different
  antibodies, are exposed to prostate-specific
  antigen (PSA)
• The left cantilever bends as PSA binds to the
  anti-PSA antibody on the cantilever
• The other cantilevers do not bend because their
  antibodies do not bind to PSA.

Min Yue, Katherine Dunphy, Henry Lin, Srinath
Satyanarayana (http//www.nano.me.berkeley.edu/)
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Future Possiblities Oxygen Selective Pump
http//www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/
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Respirocytes A Mechanical Artifical Red Blood
Cell

• Bloodborne spherical 1-micron diamondoid 1000-atm
  pressure vessel
• Active pumping powered by endogenous serum
  glucose
• Able to deliver 236 times more oxygen to the
  tissues per unit volume than natural red cells
  and to manage carbonic acidity

http//www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Respirocytes
.html
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Fixing Damaged Blood Cells
http//bionano.rutgers.edu/mru.html
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Conclusion

• Currently, a variety of research is being
  performed on nanomedical devices.
• Few industrial products exist right now.
• The possibilities are endless, but will take time
  to develop.

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Sources

• http//www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/
• http//news-info.wustl.edu/tips/page/normal/203.ht
  ml
• http//wtec.org/loyola/nano/IWGN.Research.Directio
  ns/
• http//www.foresight.org/EOC/
• http//www.nanobmi.com/
• http//www.nano.me.berkeley.edu/
• http//bionano.rutgers.edu/mru.html

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In the Near Future Humanoid Shaped Nanorobots!