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• Presentation to
• Promoting Runway Safety Forum
• National Transportation Safety Board
• Mont J. Smith
• Director, Safety
• Air Transport Association

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FAA Definition of Incursion

• Runway Incursion (U.S.) Any occurrence at an
  airport involving an aircraft, person or object
  on the ground that creates a collision hazard or
  results in loss of separation with an aircraft
  taking off, intending to take off, landing or
  intending to land.
• This differs from the ICAO definition which
  covers any incursion of a runway or taxiway
  protected area.
  
• The ICAO standard for taxi instructions to an
  active runway mandates clearances across every
  runway en route to that active runway for
  takeoff.  In the U.S., a clearance to the active
  runway implies clearance to cross all runways en
  route. 
• ICAO PansOps publication 4444

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Causes of Incursions

• Misunderstood clearances
• Phraseology issues
• Embedded hold short in a clearance
• Instructions to follow another aircraft that had
  already crossed the active runway 
  
• Communications congestion hear back
• Taxiway/runway confusion
• Large paved areas with little distinction
• Non-standard signage/markings/lighting
• Loss of situational awareness
• Following wrong aircraft (type/livery confusion)
• Low visibility or snow-covered signs/markings

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Phraseology Clearance

• ICAO Phraseology
• Amendment 4, 13th Edition, ICAO Procedures for
  Navigation Services Air Traffic Management
  (PANS-ATM Doc 4444) 11-01-01
  
• Taxi to the Holding Point
• Line Up (and wait)
• vs.
• U.S. Phraseology
• FAA Order 7110.65 Air Traffic Controller
  Handbook
  
• Hold Short (of Runway)
• Position and Hold

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Embedded Clearance
Extract from FAA NACO chart

• Global 695, XYZ Ground, cleared to Gate Foxtrot
  Three via Tango Three, Tango, Uniform, hold short
  of Runway 12, then Quebec, Sierra, over.
  
• --- Vs. ---
• Global 695, XYZ Ground, taxi via Tango Three,
  Uniform, hold short of Runway 12, over.
  
• Global 695, XYZ Ground, cleared to cross runway
  12, taxi to Gate Foxtrot Three via Quebec,
  Sierra, over.

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Positive Identification of Runways for Landing

• Pilots naturally expect the runway to be the
  dominant visual feature when preparing to land.
  The decision process is based on expectations and
  experience that is built up over time and is
  typically done with little analysis. A taxiway,
  instead of the runway can be the dominant visual
  feature when
• the taxiway pavement appears to be as wide (or
  wider) than the intended runway, and
  
• when the visual contrast of the taxiway pavement
  with the surrounding environment exceeds that of
  the runway.
  
• Paved shoulders, when added to the width of a
  standard taxiway, can make the taxiway appear
  much wider than it actually is. FAA airport
  design standards permit taxiway with paved
  shoulders to be nearly as wide as a runway that
  does not have paved shoulders. New pavement
  sections are typically the dominant visual
  feature for approaching aircraft. New asphalt
  pavement will appear much darker than older
  asphalt pavement and new concrete pavement
• (FAA Engineering Brief No. 72, January 17th,
  2007)

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Airport Physical Features
Extract from FAA NACO chart
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Daytime View
Non-Standard Precision Approach Path Indicator
Lights
New concrete surrounding intersecting runway and
parallel taxiway
Runway Edge
Blast Fence Obstruction Lights
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Nighttime View
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Intersection of Multiple Taxiways/Runways
Extract from FAA NACO chart

• Taxiways D and E cross 2 runways in close
  succession enroute from terminal to 12R
  
• Short taxi to/from terminal (checklist
  compression)

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Large Concrete or Asphalt Areas
Extract from FAA NACO chart
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Circling Approaches

• An aircraft may execute a precision approach to
  one runway and be directed to circle to another
  
• Visual maneuver
• Often difficult, especially at night or when
  visibility is reduced (depth perception)
  
• Aircraft remains at circling (low) altitude
  different visual cues

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RNAV Transition vs. Circling

• VFR weather Pilot accepts precision approach
  path to stabilize/configure and maintain traffic
  flow
  
• Pilot must remain in visual contact with airport
  environment
  
• Pilot receives cues from Flight Management System
  waypoints depicted on the approach procedure to
  sidestep or circle for landing on intersecting
  runway
• Lateral/vertical course guidance and
  autothrottles maintain precise speed and altitude
  in turn to line-up
  
• Building and activating a secondary arrival into
  FMS when circling to land or side-stepping adds
  heads down time by the monitoring pilot during
  critical phase of flight. The RNAV Transition
  avoids this distraction and maintains traffic
  flow with no surprises for the pilot or air
  traffic controller.

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RNAV Transition Approach VFR
Extract from FAA NACO chart
Aircraft acquires runway visually cleared for
RNAV transition RWY 29maintains obstacle
clearance
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RNAV Transition Approach VFR

• On initial contact with ATC, request Runway 29
  Transition
  
• Do not descend below 2,500 prior to receiving
  ATC clearance
  
• Advise ATC Airport or preceding aircraft in
  sight ASAP
  
• A subsequent ATC clearance for a visual
  approach does not relieve crew from compliance
  with this procedure.

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Loss of Situational Awareness
photo courtesy of Stephen Cook website Visiting
PHX A Guide to Sky Harbor Airport

• United 574 Heavy, give way to the US Airways
  Boeing 757 at your 2 oclock. Cleared to taxi
  Runway 8 via Bravo Five, over.

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CAST Safety Enhancements

• The Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST)
  conducted an in-depth study of Runway Incursions
  and put forth a number of Safety Enhancements
  dealing with controller terminology training,
  pilot training aids, signage, paint schemes,
  moving map displays, etc.
• All are complete or adoption in progress.

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CAST Safety Enhancements

• Safety Enhancement 46
• ATC Training Enhanced Tower Controller Training
  completed September 2003
  
• Safety Enhancement 47
• ATC Training CRM Training - ATO reports that
  plans are in effect (multi-year project)
  
• Safety Enhancement 49
• Template of SOPs for ground operations for use by
  all FAR Part 121 and Part 135 operators in
  generating SOPs for each participant airline.
  (FAA Advisory Circular, FAA Handbook Bulletin for
  Air Transportation (HBAT) - complete
• Safety Enhancement 50
• Template of best practices for General Aviation
  single-pilot ground operations. passed to
  Aircraft Owners Pilots Assn.
  

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CAST Safety Enhancements

• Safety Enhancement 51
• Template for best practices for mechanics and
  others who tow or otherwise move aircraft within
  the airport movement area.
  
• Safety Enhancement 52
• Template of best practices for vehicle
  operations in aircraft movement to prevent
  runway incursions and surface incidents - AAAE
  has distributed AC, Video, and template to their
  members. Part 139 rule change required training
  at those airports. GA airports are voluntary.
• Safety Enhancement 53
• Situational Awareness Technology for ATC
  Enhanced Airport Surveillance Equipment ASDE-3,
  AMASS, ASDE-X
  
• Issued broad agency announcement to solicit
  industry ideas
  
• Conducted demonstrations to assess industry
  proposal
  
• Installed selected technology prototypes at key
  sites for operational evaluation
  
• R D in progress for vehicle tracking, runway
  status lights, ground markers, addressable signs

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CAST Safety Enhancements

• Safety Enhancement 55
• ATC Procedures SOPs for Controller Situational
  Awareness
  
• Issued Notices to Implement Changes to FAA Order
  7210.3S
  
• Issued Notices to Implement Phraseology Changes
  to FAA Order 7110.65N
  
• Reviewed National Standardized Requirements for
  Tower Positions to Ensure Tower Controllers
  Maintain Situational Awareness
  
• Encouraged Facility Teams to Identify and
  Eliminate Potential Distractions in Operating
  Quarters
  
• Implemented RI Workgroup Recommendation for
  Standardizing Situational Awareness Practices in
  Towers
  
• Safety Enhancement 59
• ATC Procedures Read Back Requirements
• Required Read Back for entering specific runway,
  hold short of specific runway and Taxi Into
  Position and Hold (TIPH) Instructions
  
• New Policy published in February 2004 Airmans
  Information Manual

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CAST Safety Enhancements

• Safety Enhancement 60
• Runway Incursion Pilot Training
• Re-issued guidance for ground operations in
  Advisory Circular 120-74A
  
• Compiled Runway Safety Materials (included Taxi
  Operations)
  
• Increased number of tasks on written examinations
  (January 2003)
  
• Published guidance for General Aviation and Part
  121 ground operations in Advisory Circulars
  120-35C, 120-51D and 120-74A
  

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New Technologies

• Measures to prevent runway incursions
• Moving maps
• ASDE-X
• Runway status lights
• FAROS
• Perimeter taxiways
• Low-cost surface surveillance technology
• Measures to prevent overruns
• Engineered Materials Arresting System (EMAS)

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New Technologies

• No silver bullet to prevent runway incursions
• Many of the technologies are not mature none are
  foolproof
  
• ADS-B appears to be a major technology
  break-through that will likely fill a variety of
  purposes
  
• Less costly satellite-based technology
• Higher navigational accuracy
• Adaptable for surface movement via
  multi-lateration
  
• Most moving map displays are designed for
  situational awareness vs. navigation
  
• Ideal display would keep the pilots heads up
• Need low-cost interface with FMS/FMGC
• Avoid alerts that compound the aural environment

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About ATA

• ATA serves as the principal trade and service
  organization of the major scheduled air carriers
  in the United States. ATA members transport more
  than 90 percent of all U.S. airline passenger and
  cargo traffic.
• ATAs members include ABX Air, Inc. (GB), Alaska
  Airlines, Inc. (AS), Aloha Airlines, Inc. (AQ),
  American Airlines, Inc. (AA), ASTAR Air Cargo,
  Inc. (ER), Atlas Air, Inc. (5Y), Continental
  Airlines, Inc. (CO), Delta Air Lines, Inc. (DL),
  Evergreen International Airlines, Inc. (EZ),
  Federal Express Corporation (FX), Hawaiian
  Airlines (HA) JetBlue Airways Corp. (B6), Midwest
  Airlines (YX), Northwest Airlines, Inc. (NW),
  Southwest Airlines Co. (WN) United Airlines, Inc.
  (UA) UPS Airlines (5X), and US Airways, Inc.
  (US)
• Associate members include AeroMexico (AM), Air
  Canada (AC), Air Jamaica, Ltd. (JM), and Mexicana
  (MX)
  
• ATA has recently welcomed Boeing Commercial
  Airplanes as an industry partner and a growing
  number of airline-related businesses as industry
  members. Visit www.airlines.org for more details.

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Questions?
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