Historical Background; Cultural, Legal, Ethical Considerations - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Historical Background; Cultural, Legal, Ethical Considerations

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Title: Historical Background; Cultural, Legal, Ethical Considerations


1
Historical Background Cultural, Legal, Ethical
Considerations
2
19th Century Psychology
  • Wundt-Lab based-experimental psych
  • Emphasized commonality among people
  • Search for general description of reaction time,
    attention span, perceptiona
  • Galton
  • Influence of Darwin and emphasis on individual
    differences and heredity
  • 1884 Anthropometric Lab measured grip strength,
    memory of form, color discrimination
  • Pioneer of correlation

3
19th Century Psychology (cont.)
  • Cattell
  • Student of Wundt, but interested in individual
    differences
  • Concept of mental testing
  • Instrumental in bringing the idea of psych
    testing to the U.S.

4
Early 20th Century
  • 1904 Binet Simon
  • Charge from French education authorities
  • 1916 Terman Stanford-Binet
  • 1917-18 Army Alpha Beta
  • Personal Data Sheet/Woodworth
  • 1921 Rorschach
  • 1939 Wechsler Wechsler-Bellevue Scale

5
Controversies
  • Use with Immigrants
  • Eugenics the Feebleminded
  • Test bias Bias in Testing in the Education
    System
  • E.g., Diana v. California, Larry P. v. Riles
  • Bias in Hiring
  • Griggs v. Duke Power

6
Remedies
  • More representative norm samples
  • Legislation
  • E.g., IDEA, EEOC from Civil Rights Act of 1964

7
Recent Controversies
  • Charges of ethnic gender bias in SAT similar
    tests
  • Standards accountability emphasis in public
    schools
  • High-stakes testing
  • Computerized testing

8
Protection of the Public/Ethical Considerations
  • Professional Associations Ethics
  • E.g., APA, NASP
  • APA Standards for Educational Psychological
    Testing
  • Test-user Qualifications
  • Level A Administered with aid of manual and
    general orientation (achievement proficiency
    tests)
  • Level B Some technical knowledge required
    (aptitude tests, adjustment inventories)
  • Level C substantial training required (IQ
    projectives)

9
Rights of testtakers
  • Right to informed consent
  • Right to be informed of test findings
  • Right not to have privacy invaded
  • Right to have the least stigmatizing label
  • Right to have findings held confidential
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