A History of Psychology

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A History of Psychology

• Chapter 6
• Functionalism Antecedents Influences

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I. The Functionalist Protest

• A. concern What do the mind do?
• B. First uniquely American system of psychology
• C. against Wundt's and Titchener's systems
• E. Application of psychology how people function
  in and adapt to different environment

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II. Forerunners of Functionalism

• A. Darwin On the Origin of species (1859)
• B. Fechner Elements of psychophysics (1860)
• C. Galton individual differences (1869)
• D. Wundt Principles of physiological Psychology
  (1873-1874)
• E. Animal psychology experiments (1880s)

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III. The Evolution Revolution Charles
Darwin(1809-1882)

• A. his life
• As a boy, he showed little indication of becoming
  a scientist.
• Studied in Cambridge University but he spent
  time drinking, singing, or playing cards

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III. The Evolution Revolution Charles
Darwin(1809-1882)

• B. His works
• 1. Until a trip to observe a variety of plant and
  animal life, he spent his time developing a
  theory of evolution
• 2. 1859 On the Origin of species
• a. data to support the idea of evolution
• b. variation among members of a species
• natural selection
• e. failure to adapt results in failure to
  survive.

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III. The Evolution Revolution Charles
Darwin(1809-1882)

• C. Darwin's influence on psychology
• 1. Intriguing the possibility of continuity in
  mental functioning between humans and lower
  animals.
• 2. Psychologists realized that the study of
  animal behavior was vital to our understanding of
  human behavior

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III. The Evolution Revolution Charles
Darwin(1809-1882)

• C. Darwin's influence on psychology
• 3. evolutionary theory changed
• Psychologys subject matter
• from elements to functions of consciousness
• Psychologys goal
• how humans and animals functioned in adapting to
  the environment.

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III. The Evolution Revolution Charles
Darwin(1809-1882)

• C. Darwin's influence on psychology
• 4. Broadening the methods in psychology
• 5. increased focus on individual differences and
  measuring those differences

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• A. Individual differences before Galton
• 1. the topic was considered inappropriate for
  psychology except Juan Huarte.
• Huarte The Examination of Talented Individuals
• 2. had been examined by Weber, Fechner, Helmholtz

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• B. Galton's life
• 1. Bone in 1822 near Birminghan, England
• 2. From a wealthy and intelligent family his
  cousin is Charles Darwin
• 3. Possessed an extraordinary IQ (200)

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• B. Galton's life
• 4. Medical training under father insistence
• 5. Pursued his interests in math but returned to
  medicine
• 6. After his fathers death, he pursued what he
  likes

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• C. Mental inheritance
• 1. 1869 Hereditary Genius
• a. eminent men have eminent sons
• b. each famous person inherited a specific forms
  of genius
• c. founded the science of eugenics
• d. eminence was solely a function of heredity,
  not of opportunity

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• 2. 1874 English Men of Science
• 3. 1889 Natural Inheritance
• 4. 1901 founded a Journal, Biometrika

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• 5. established Eugenics Laboratory at University
  College, London
• 6. 1904 founded organization for promoting his
  idea on improving the mental quality of the the
  human race.

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• D. Statistical methods
• Adolph Quetelet (1796-1874)
• 1. first to apply statistical methods and normal
  curve to biological and social data
• Francis Galton (1822-1911)
• 1. assumed similar results would hold for mental
  characteristics (e.g., grades)

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• 2. developed mean and standard deviation
• 3. produced the correlation
• a) validity, reliability, and factor analysis
  were from Galtons research on correlation
• b) his student Pearson developed product-moment
  coefficient of correlation
• C). Pearson's r for recognition of Galton's
  discovery of regression toward the mean

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• E. Mental tests
• 1. originated by Galton, but the term was from
  McKeen Cattell
• 2. Assumed that intelligence can be measured in
  terms of sensory capacities
• 3. This assumption based on Locke's empiricism

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• E. Mental tests
• 4. developed his own instruments to measure
  sensory capacities later became a standard
  psychology lab equipment

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• E. Mental tests
• 5. 1884 established Anthropometric Laboratory
• a. aim the definition of the range of human
  capacities of the entire British population
• b. human capacities height, weight, strength of
  pull and squeeze, hearing, version, etc.
• c. to determine its collective mental resources

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• E. Mental tests
• 6. his data reanalyzed by American psychologists.
  
• a. They found his data were statistically
  reliable (1985)
• b. provided information on developmental trends
  on weight, arm span, breathing, and strength of
  squeeze.

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• F. The association of ideas
• 1. two issues in association
• a. diversity of associations of ideas
• b. the time required to produce associations

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• F. The association of ideas
• 2. Galton found
• a. 40 of associations traced to events in
  childhood and adolescence
• b. found the importance of unconscious (later
  impacted Freud)
• c. word-association test first experimental
  attempt to examine associations

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• G. Mental imagery
• 1. first extensive use of psychological
  questionnaire (e.g., images were dim or clear..
  etc)
• 2. determined imagery distributed normally in the
  population
• 3. Images described by women and children were
  more detailed and concrete.
• 4. found similar images more likely to occur
  between siblings than between unrelated persons

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• H. Additional research
• 1. self-induced paranoia
• 2. validity of religious beliefs
• 3 .power of prayer
• 4. Society goals should be to improve human race
  through eugenics

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IV. Individual Differences Francis Galton
(1822-1911)

• 5. Counting yawns and coughs at the theater or
  lectures as a measure of boredom
• 6. arithmetic by smell
• Assigned numerical values to odors and learned to
  add and subtract by thinking of them
• G. Comment
• 1. breadth of topics researched
• 2. greater impact than Wundt

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V. Animal Psychology and the Development of
Functionalism

• A. Before Darwin
• no concerns about the animal mind
• B. Darwin
• 1. No sharp distinction between humans minds and
  animals minds
• 2. Mental abilities exist in animals, e.g., pain,
  pleasure, or sexual passion
• 3. search for evidence on animal intelligence

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V. Animal Psychology and the Development of
Functionalism

• C. Wundt
• 1. Even animals that displayed minimal sensory
  capacities imply the possession of judgment and
  conscious inference
• 2. "inferior" animals had less education and
  training rather than necessarily lesser abilities

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V. Animal Psychology and the Development of
Functionalism

• D. Studies of animal intelligence
• 1. George John Romanes (1848-1894)
• 2. Conwy Lloyd Morgan(1852-1936)

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V. Animal Psychology and the Development of
Functionalism

• 1. George John Romanes (1848-1894)
• British physiologist
• formalized and systematized study of animal
  intelligence
• Darwin chose Romanes to apply theory of evolution
  to the animals mind

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V. Animal Psychology and the Development of
Functionalism

• 1. George John Romanes (1848-1894)
• 1883 Animal Intelligence
• 1. first book on comparative psychology
• 2. purpose demonstrate
• high level of animal intelligence
• its similarity of animal intelligence to human
  intellectual functioning
• the continuity in mental development

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V. Animal Psychology and the Development of
Functionalism

• 1. George John Romanes (1848-1894)
• Two methods to study animals
• anecdotal method The use of observational
  reports about animal behavior.
• introspection by analogy A technique for
  studying animal behavior by assuming that the
  same mental processes that occur in the
  observers mind also occur in the animals mind.

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V. Animal Psychology and the Development of
Functionalism

• 1. George John Romanes (1848-1894)
• criticisms
• short on scientific rigor
• the line between fact and subjective
  interpretation in his data is unclear.

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V. Animal Psychology and the Development of
Functionalism

• 2. Conwy Lloyd Morgan(1852-1936)
• Romanes designated Morgan as his successor
• proposed a law of parsimony
• The notion that animal behavior must not be
  attributed to a higher mental process when it can
  be explained in terms of a lower mental process.
• He was the first scientist to conduct large-scale
  experimental studies in animal psychology.