Marksisticke teorije medunarodnih odnosa i reflektivistickoalternativni pristupi izucavanju medunaro

1
Marksisticke teorije medunarodnih odnosa i
reflektivisticko-alternativni pristupi izucavanju
medunarodnih odnosa
2
Marxist theories of International Relations

• Dok god je svet u biti svet nejednakih, i dok god
  su socijalne razlike izmedu ljudi ogromne,
  marksisticke teorije imace veliku ulogu u
  razumevanju sveta u kojem ivimo.Kada se
  pogledaju indikatori uslova u kojima ljudi ive
  sve je jasno na prvi pogled.
• Ostrvca bogatih i okeani siromanih (Injasio
  Ramone)

3

• Jedna petina svetskog stanovnita ivi u
  ekstremnom siromatvu
• Prosecni prihodi u bogatih 20 zemalja su 37 puta
  veci nego u dvadeset najsiromanijih i taj odnos
  se skoro duplirao u poslednjih dvadeset godina
• Subvencije za poljoprivredne proizvode u
  razvijenim zemljama su 6 puta veci od pomoci za
  razvoj koja se ukazuje zemljama u razvoju i
  nerazvijenim zemljama
• Carine (ne racunajuci tzv. necarinske barijere)
  za robu iz nerazvijenih zemalja su 4 puta vece
  nego na robu iz zemalja OECD-a
• Vie od 30 000 dece umre svakog dana od zaraza
  koje se veoma lako mogu spreciti
• Jedna milijarda ljudi nema pristup zdravoj vodi
  za pice
• Ukupno bogatstvo 358 svetskih milijardera
  prevazilazi zarade 45 procenata svetskog
  stanovnitva
• U Africi samo jedna trecina dece uspe da zavri
  osnovnu kolu
• Africke zemlje placaju svakog dana 40 miliona
  dolara samo na ime kamata i otplatu dugova

4
Introduction the continuing relevance of Marxism

• Marxs work retains its relevance despite the
  collapse of Communist party rule in the former
  Soviet Union.
• Of particular importance is Marxs analysis of
  capitalism, which has yet to be bettered.
• Marxist analyses of international relations aim
  to reveal the hidden workings of global
  capitalism. These hidden workings provide the
  context in which international events occur.

5
The essential elements of Marxist theories of
world politics

• Marx himself provided little in terms of a
  theoretical analysis of International Relations.
• His ideas have been interpreted and appropriated
  in a number of different and contradictory ways
  resulting in a number of competing schools of
  Marxism.
• Underlying these different schools are several
  common elements that can be traced back to Marx's
  writings.

6

• Kapitalizam
• Sredstva za proizvodnju
• Proizvodni odnosi

7

• First, all the marxist theorists share with Marx
  the view that the social world should be analysed
  as a totality.
• For them the academic division of the social
  world into different areas of enquiry history,
  philosophy, economics, political science,
  sociology, international relations etc. is both
  arbitrary and unhelpful.
• Rather, none can be understood without knowledge
  of the others the social world had to be studied
  as a whole

8

• Another key element of Marxist thought, which
  serves further to underline this concern with
  interconnection and context, is the materialist
  conception of history.
• The central contention here is that process of
  historical change are ultimately a reflection of
  the economic development of society
• Means of production relations of production
  economic base of society

9

• Class plays a key role in Marxist analysis. In
  contrast to liberals who believe that there is an
  essential harmony of interest between various
  social groups, Marxist hold that society is
  systematically prone to class conflict.

10
Marxism, one or many?
11
World-system theory

• World-system theory can be seen as a direct
  development of Lenins work on imperialism and
  the Latin American dependency school.
• Immanuel Wallerstein and his work on the modern
  world-system is a key contribution to this
  school.
• Wallersteins work has been developed by a number
  of other writers who have built on his initial
  foundational work.

12

• Za Valertajna kljucna forma organizovanja
  drutva kroz istoriju su svetski sistemi .
• Postoje dva tipa svetskog sistema kroz istoriju
  1) svetske imperije 2) svetske ekonomije.

13

• Glavna razlika izmedu njih se zasniva na tome
  kako se donose odluke o raspodeli resursa
  (bogatstava).
• U svetskim imperijama, centralizovani politicki
  sistem koristi svoju moc da preraspodeli resurse
  od perifernih obalsti ka oblasti sredinjeg
  jezgra.
• U svetskim ekonomijama nema takvog centralnog
  politickog sistema vec pre postoji vie
  meduasobno kompetitivnih centara moci. Resursi se
  ne distribuiraju politickimm odlukama nego preko
  trita koje postaje posrednik.

14

• IAKO JE MEHANIZAM ZA RASPODELU RESURSA RAZLICIT,
  EFEKAT JE ISTI RESURSI IDU OD PERIFERIJE KA
  CENTRU

15

• MODERNI SVETSKI SISTEM JE PRIMER SVETSKE
  EKONOMIJE
• Taj sistem se pojavio u Evropi pocetkom 16.veka,
  onda se proirio na ceo svet.
• vodeca snaga ovog sistema je kapitalizam
• sve se drutvene institucije vremenom menjaju i
  prilagodavaju promenjenim okolnostima
• Vremenom, doci ce do kraja ovog sistema

16

• tri ekonomske zone sveta jezgro (centar),
  poluperiferija, periferija
• poluperiferije imaju neke od karakteristika i
  jedne i druge oblasti
• eksploatatorski odnos koji danas postoji u svetu
  i koji izvlaci bogatstva iz periferije i prenosi
  ga u centar
• Ovo su bili elementi prostorne dimenzije sistema

17

• Postoje i vremenska dimenzija sistema. Njeni
  elementi su ciklicni ritmovi (boom and bust u
  svetskoj ekonomiji) sekularni trendovi
  (dugorocni rast ili smanjenje svetske ekonomije)
  protivrecnosti (smanjiti plate, a maksimizirati
  profite vlasnika) krize (kad se ova tri elementa
  pojave na taj nacin da sistem vie ne moe
  funkcionisati)

18

• Valertajnove prognoze o padu americke moci

19
Gramscianism

• Drawing upon the work of Antonio Gramsci for
  inspiration, writers within an Italian school
  of international relations have made a
  considerable contribution to thinking about world
  politics.

20
Gramscianism

• Gramsci shifted the focus of Marxist analysis
  more towards superstructural phenomena. In
  particular he explored the processes by which
  consent for a particular social and political
  system was produced and reproduced through the
  operation of hegemony. Hegemony allows the ideas
  and ideologies of the ruling stratum to become
  widely dispersed, and widely accepted, throughout
  society.

21

• The key question which animated Gramscis
  theoretical work was why had it proven to be so
  difficult to promote revolution in Western
  Europe.
• The history of the early twentieth century seemed
  to suggest, therefore, that there was a flaw in
  classic Marxist analysis.
• But where had they gone wrong?

22

• Gramscis answer to this question revolves around
  his use of the concept of hegemony.
• Gramscis use of hegemony is also related to his
  understanding of power, but it reflects a
  conceptualization of power that is broader and
  richer than that usually encountered in the work
  of contemporary realist.
• Gramsci adopts Machiavellis view of power as a
  centaur, half beast, half man a mixture of
  coercion and consent.
• However, the capitalist system was maintained not
  merely by coercion, but also through consent.
• Consent, on Gramscis reading is created and
  recreated by the hegemony of the ruling stratum
  in society. It is this hegemony that allows the
  moral, political, and cultural values of the
  dominant group to become widely dispersed
  throughout society and to be accepted bt
  subordinate groups as their own.

23

• Indeed, according to Gramscis analysis, dominant
  ideologies become sedimented in society to the
  extent that they take on the status of
  unquestioned common sense.
• All this takes place through the institutions of
  civil society.
• Civil society is the network of institutions and
  practices in society that enjoy some autonomy
  from the state, and through which groups and
  individuals organize, represent, and express
  themselves to each other and to the state. These
  include, for example, the media, the education
  system,. Churches, voluntary organizations, etc.
• Historic bloc mutually reinforcing and
  reciprocal relationship between the
  socio-economic relations (base) and political and
  cultural practices (super-structure) that
  together underpin a given order.
• It is the interaction that matters
• A counter-hegemonic struggle in civil society

24

• Thinkers such as Robert W. Cox have attempted to
  internationalize Gramscis thought by
  transposing several of his key concepts, most
  notably hegemony, to the global context.

25

• Robert Cox- svetski poredak
• cuvena recenica iz jednog njegovog clanka iz
  1982. godine Teorija je uvek za nekoga i u
  necije svrhe. Ne postoji teorija koja se moe
  razdvojiti od tacke gledita u vremenu i
  prostoru
• Dakle, znanje, teorije i bezbednost uvek slue
  nekome i necijim ciljevima.

26

• Prema Koksu velike sile koje su se smenjivale, da
  tako kaemo na celu sveta, oblikovale su svetski
  poredak tako da slui njihovim interesima. Tu se
  ne radi samo o sredstvima prinude putem kojih su
  to uradili vec i o pokuaju da se stvori podrka
  medu onima kojima takav jedan poredak ne donosi
  prednosti.
• Recimo, za dva skoranja takva hegemona
  (Britanija i SAD) takva vodeca ideja bila je
  slobodna trgovina.
• Prica se da to donosi dobro svima a ipak neki
  dobijaju mnogo vie u celoj toj situaciji.

27
Critical theory

• Critical theory has its roots in the work of the
  Frankfurt School, a group of thinkers including
  Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse,
  and Jürgen Habermas.
• Among the key concerns of critical theorists is
  emancipation, and, in particular, the human
  capacities and capabilities appealed to in calls
  for emancipatory action.

28

• Sam naziv kriticke teorije treba razumeti u
  kontekstu onoga to je Robert Koks oznacio kao
  teorije koje reavaju probleme (problemsolving
  theories) i kriticke teorije.
• Problemsolving theories uzimaju postojece
  politicke i drutvene odnose i institucije kao
  takve i zadatak teorija jeste da probleme koji
  izrastaju iz takvih odnosa ree i poboljaju.

29

• Kriticke teorije, nasuprot tome pokuavaju da
  razumeju kako su se takvi odnosi i institucije
  uopte pojavili i ta i kako treba da bude
  uradeno da bi se oni promenili.

30
LJUDSKA EMANCIPACIJA-DEFINICIJA

• "OSLOBOÐENJE LJUDI, KAKO POJEDINACA TAKO I GRUPA,
  OD SOCIJALNIH, FIZICKIH, EKONOMSKIH POLITICKIH I
  DRUGIH PREPREKA KOJE IH SPRECAVAJU DA SPROVEDU
  (OSTVARE) ONO TO SU ONI SLOBODNOM VOLJOM
  IZABRALI DA URADE.

31
Critical theory

• Several different understandings of emancipation
  have emerged from the critical theory tradition.
  The first generation of the Frankfurt School
  equated emancipation with a reconciliation with
  nature. Habermas has argued that emancipatory
  potential lies in the realm of communication and
  that radical democracy is the way in which that
  potential can be unlocked.

32
Critical theory

• Andrew Linklater has developed critical theory
  themes to argue in favour of the expansion of the
  moral boundaries of the political community, and
  has pointed to the European Union as an example
  of a post-Westphalian institution of governance.

33
New Marxism

• New Marxism is characterized by a direct
  (re)appropriation of the concepts and categories
  developed by Marx.
• Bill Warren deploys Marxs analysis of capitalism
  and colonialism to criticize some of the central
  ideas of dependency and world-system theorists.
• Justin Rosenberg, who was used key elements of
  Marxs writings to critique both realist approach
  to International Relations and globalization
  theory

34
Bill Warren imperialism and the rise of third
world capitalism

• For Lenin, imperialism represented the phase
  where capitalism definitively ceased to play any
  progressive function imperialism was both the
  highest stage of capitalism and its final stage.
  This view become the standard Marxist and
  neo-Marxist position through much of the
  twentieth century.
• The British Marxist, Bill warren rejected this
  view.
• In his book Imperialism Pioneer of Capitalism
  (1980) he argued that Lenin had been both
  empirically and theoretically mistaken.
• He repeated Marxs argument that capitalism is a
  necessary stage in human development
• Capitalism according to Warren, was fulfilling
  his historic role in the periphery by rapidly
  developing the means of production, and,
  crucially for a future transition to socialism,
  facilitating the mergence of an urban working
  class. Imperialism should therefore be seen as
  the pioneer of capitalism rather than its
  highest stage

35

• Development of capitalism in a range of Third
  World countries had brought marked improvement in
  material sense. This improvement took three main
  forms better health care, better education, and
  greater access to consumer goods. Each of these
  was crucial in laying the foundations for the
  long-term development of productive forces.
• Furthermore, Warren argues that in the
  post-colonial era there has been an enormous
  increase in the wealth and productive capacity of
  Third World Countries.
• This process has, of course, been uneven, and
  there have been winners and losers, but such
  irregularities are inherent in capitalist
  development.
• Overall, Warren suggests that the picture of
  North-South relations depicted by the dependency
  theorists and world-systems theorists is an
  incomplete one.

36

• Warrens argument is clearly a contentious one.
• Nonetheless, in one important sense he could be
  viewed as being essentially correct. Imperialism
  was not the highest stage of capitalism as
  Lenin had claimed, it was rather the pioneer by
  which the capitalist mode of production expanded
  from its European heartland throughout the globe.

37
Justin Rosenberg capitalism and global social
relations

• Warren focuses primarily on the economic
  possibilities that the expansion of capitalism
  provides for Third World Countries. By contrast,
  the focus of Rosenbergs analysis is the
  character of the international system and its
  relationship to the changing character of social
  relations.
• His critique of Realist International Relations
  Theory, especially to realisms claim to provide
  an ahistorical, essentially timeless account of
  international relations.
• He analyses the differences in the character of
  international relations between the Greek and
  Italian city-states. A touchstone of Realist
  theory is the similarity between these two
  historical cases.
• Rosenberg however, describes the alleged
  resemblances between these two eras as a
  gigantic optical illusion.
• Instead his analysis suggests that the character
  of the international system in each of these
  periods was completely different.

38
As an alternative, Rosenberg argues for the
development of a theory of international
relations that is sensitive to the changing
character of world politics. This theory must
also recognize that international relations are
part of a broader pattern of social relations.
The character of the relations of production
permeate the whole of society right up to, and
including, relations between the states.
39

• The form of the state will be different under
  different modes of production, and as a result
  the characteristics of inter-state relations will
  also vary.
• Hence if we want to understand the way that the
  international system operate in any particular
  era, our starting point has to be an examination
  of the mode of production, and in particular the
  relations of production.

40
New Marxism

• Rosenberg uses Marxs ideas to criticize realist
  theories of international relations, and
  globalization theory. He seeks to develop an
  alternative approach which understands historical
  change in world politics as a reflection of
  transformations in the prevailing relations of
  production.
• Two of the core concepts in Realist theory,
  sovereignty and anarchy can fruitfully be
  reevaluated in the lights of Marxist method.
  Both of them reflect particular features of the
  capitalist era.
• Book The Empire of Civil Society A Critique of
  the Realist Theory of International Relations,
  1994

41
Marxist theories of International Relations and
globalization

• Marxists are rather sceptical about the emphasis
  currently being placed on the notion of
  globalization.
• Rather than being a recent phenomenon they see
  the recent manifestations of globalization as
  being part of long-term trends in the development
  of capitalism.
• Furthermore the notion of globalization is
  increasingly being used as an ideological tool to
  justify reductions in workers rights and welfare
  provision.

42
Alternativno - kriticki pristupi izucavanju
medunarodnih odnosa
43
Introduction

• Realism, liberalism, and Marxism together
  comprised the inter-paradigm debate of the 1980s,
  with realism dominant amongst the three theories.
  
• Despite promising intellectual openness, however,
  the inter-paradigm debate ended up naturalizing
  the dominance of realism by pretending that there
  was real contestation.

44
Introduction

• In recent years, the dominance of realism has
  been undermined by three developments first,
  neo-liberal institutionalism has become
  increasingly important second, globalization has
  brought a host of other features of world
  politics to centre-stage third, positivism, the
  underlying methodological assumption of realism,
  has been significantly undermined by developments
  in the social sciences and in philosophy.

45
Explanatory/constitutive theories and
foundational/anti-foundational theories

• Theories can be distinguished according to
  whether they are explanatory or constitutive and
  whether they are foundational or
  anti-foundational. As a rough guide, explanatory
  theories tend to be foundational and constitutive
  theories tend to be anti-foundational.

46
Explanatory/constitutive theories and
foundational/anti-foundational theories

• The three main theories comprising the
  inter-paradigm debate were based on a set of
  positivist assumptions, namely that a denial of
  the idea that social science theories can use the
  same methodologies as theories of the natural
  sciences, that facts and values can be
  distinguished, that neutral facts can act as
  arbiters between rival truth claims, and that the
  social world has regularities which theories can
  discover.

47
Explanatory/constitutive theories and
foundational/anti-foundational theories

• Since the late 1980s there has been a rejection
  of positivism, with the main new approaches
  tending more towards constitutive and
  anti-foundational assumptions.
• The current theoretical situation is one in which
  there are three main positions first,
  rationalist theories that are essentially the
  latest versions of the realist and liberal
  theories second, alternative theories that are
  post-positivist and thirdly social
  constructivist theories that try to bridge the
  gap.

48
Explanatory/constitutive theories and
foundational/anti-foundational theories

• Alternative approaches at once differ
  considerably from one another, and at the same
  time overlap in some important ways. One thing
  that they do share is a rejection of the core
  assumptions of rationalist theories.

49

• Historical sociology
• Normative theory
• Feminist theory
• Post-modernism
• Post- colonialism

50
Historical sociology

• Historical sociology has a long history, having
  been a subject of study for several centuries.
  Its central focus is with how societies develop
  the forms that they do.
• Contemporary historical sociology is concerned
  above all with how the state has developed since
  the Middle Ages. It is basically a study of the
  interactions between states, classes, capitalism,
  and war.

51
Historical sociology

• In his 1990 book, Coercion, Capital and European
  States, AD 900-1990, Tilly poses the following
  question What accounts for the great variation
  over time and space in the kinds of states that
  have prevailed in Europe since AD 900, and why
  did European States eventually converge on
  different form of national state?
• Namely, he looks at how the three main kinds of
  state forms that existed at the end of the Middle
  Ages eventually converged on one form, namely the
  national state. He argues that the decisive
  reason was the ability of the national state to
  fight wars.
• Distinguished between capital-intensive and
  coercion-intensive regimes (or economic
  power-based and military power based system),
  Tilly notes that three types of states resulted
  from the combinations of these forms of power,
  tribute making empires, systems of fragmented
  sovereignty (city-states), and national states.
• These states were the result of the different
  class structure that resulted from the
  concentrations of capital and coercion.

52

• With the rise of the scale of war, the result was
  that national states started to acquire a
  decisive advantage over the other kinds of state
  organizations.
• This was because national states could afford
  large armies and could respond to the demands of
  the classes representing both agricultural and
  commercial interests.
• States, in other words become transformed by war

53

• Tilly notes that the three types of states noted
  above, all converged on one version of the state,
  so now that is seen as the norm.
• Yet, in contrast to neo-realism , he notes that
  the state has not been of one form throughout its
  history.
• The national state acquires more and more power
  over its population by its involvement in war,
  and therefore could dominate other state forms
  because they were more efficient than either
  tribute-gathering empires or city-states in this
  process.

54

• Michael Mann has developed a powerful model of
  the sources of state power, known as the IEMP
  Model. (Ideological, Economic, Military, and
  Political Forms of Power)
• Book The Sources of Social Power, 4 Volume,
  1986-2003
• This is an enormously ambitious project, aimed at
  showing just how states have taken the forms that
  they have.
• In other words, Mann studies the ways in which
  the various forms of power have combined in
  specific historical circumstances

55

• His work is similar to Tilly, but the major
  innovation of Manns work is that he has
  developed a sophisticated account of forms of
  power that combine to form certain types of
  states.
• Mann differentiates between three aspects of
  power 1. Between distributive and collective
  power 2. Extensive and Intensive power 3. Power
  may be authoritative and diffused
• Mann argued that that the most effective exercise
  of power combines all three elements.

56

• Her argues that there are four sources of social
  power, which together may determine the overall
  structure of societies. The four are 1.
  Ideological power derives from the human need to
  find ultimate meaning in life, to share norms and
  values and to participate in aesthetic and ritual
  practices 2. Economic power derives from the need
  to extract, transform, distribute and consume the
  resources of nature 3. Military power is the
  social organization of physical force. It derives
  from the necessity of organized defense and the
  utility of aggression. 4. Political power derives
  from the usefulness of territorial and
  centralized regulation. Political power means
  state power.

57

• The struggle to control ideological, economic,
  military, and political power organizations
  provides the central drama of social development.
  Societies are structured primarily by entwined
  ideological, economic, military, and political
  power.

58

• Like realism, historical sociology is interested
  in war. But it undercuts neo-realism because it
  shows that the state is not one functionally
  similar organization, but instead has altered
  over time.
• The concerns of historical sociology are
  compatible with a number of the other approaches
  surveyed in this chapter including feminism and
  postmodernism.

59
Normative theory

• Normative theory was out of fashion for decades
  because of the dominance of positivism, which
  portrayed it as value-laden and unscientific.
• In the last fifteen years or so there has been a
  resurgence of interest in normative theory. It is
  now more widely accepted that all theories have
  normative assumptions either explicitly or
  implicitly.
• By normative international relations theory is
  meant that body of work which addresses the moral
  dimension of international relations and the
  wider questions of meaning and interpretation
  generated by the discipline. (Chris Brown)

60
Normative theory

• The key distinction in normative theory is
  between cosmopolitanism and communitarianism. The
  former sees the bearers of rights and obligations
  as individuals the latter sees them as being the
  community (usually the state).
• Main areas of debate in contemporary normative
  theory include the autonomy of the state, the
  ethics of the use of force, and international
  justice.

61
Normative theory

• The moral value assigned to state autonomy
• The ethics of interstate violence known as Just
  War Theory
• The issues of international Justice

62
The moral value assigned to state autonomy

• medunarodna politika pociva na drutvu drava sa
  odredenim pravilima, premda ta pravila nisu uvek
  sasvim potovana.
• Najvanije pravilo je dravni suverenitet, koji
  zabranjuje dravama intervenisanje izvan
  vlastitih dravnih granica u prostor tude
  jurisdikcije.
• Politikolog Majkl Volcer, na primer, smatra da
  nacionalne granice imaju moralni znacaj, zato to
  drave predstavljaju ukupna prava pojedinaca koji
  su se udruili radi zajednickog ivota.
• Drugi jednostavnije kau da je potovanje
  suvereniteta najbolji nacin ocuvanja poretka.
  Dobre ograde stvaraju dobre susede, po recima
  pesnika Roberta Frosta.
• U prakticnom ivotu, ova pravila ponaanja drava
  se cesto kre.
• U nekoliko poslednjih decenija, Vijetnam je napao
  Kambodu, Kina napala Vijetnam, Tanzanija
  izvrila napad na Ugandu, Izrael napao Liban,
  Sovjetski Savez je izvrio invaziju Avganistana,
  Sjedinjene Americke Drave su intervenisale u
  Grenadi i u Panami, Irak je napao Iran i Kuvajt,
  Sjedinjene Drave i Velika Britanija su napale na
  Irak, a NATO je bombardovao Srbiju zbog nacina na
  koji se odnosila prema pokrajini Kosovo i
  Metohija- da navedemo samo neke primere

63
The ethics of interstate violence known as Just
War Theory

• U knjizi Just and Unjust Wars (Pravedni i
  nepravedni ratovi), Majkl Volcer, politikolog
  koji nastupa sa pozicije dravnih moralista,
  iznosi cetiri slucaja u kojima bi se mogli
  moralno opravdati rat ili vojna intervencija, a
  da to ne bude otvorena agresija. Prvi izuzetak od
  strogog pravila je preduhitrujuca (preemptivna)
  intervencija, za koju se kao primer uzima
  izraelski napad 1967. godine. Drugo odstupanje od
  strogog pravila javlja se kada je intervencija
  neohodna kako bi se uravnoteila prethodna
  intervencija. Ovo pravilo potice iz vremena Dona
  Stjuarta Mila i liberalnog miljenja
  devetneastog veka, i govori o tome kako ljudi
  imaju pravo da odlucuju o sopstvenoj sudbini.
  Trece odstupanje od pravila protiv intervencije
  je kada je neophodno spasavanje ljudi kojima
  preti masakr. Cetvrto odstupanje od
  neintervenisanja je pravo na pomoc
  secesionistickim pokretima onda kada su
  reprezentativni.

64
The issues of international Justice

• Specific regard to the obligations that the
  richer states of the world have to poorer
  countries
• The question whether international institutions
  have moral responsibilities.
• temeljna vrednost je pravda, a kljucna
  medunarodna institucija je drutvo pojedinaca.
  Prema tome, intervencija moe da bude opravdana
  ako unapreduje pravdu za pojedince i ljudska
  prava. Dozvoljeno je intervenisati na strani
  dobra.

65
Normative theory

• In the last two decades, normative issues have
  become more relevant to debates about foreign
  policy, for example in discussions of how to
  respond to calls for humanitarian intervention
  and whether war should be framed in terms of a
  battle between good and evil.

66
Feminist theory

• ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??
  ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??
  ?????????? ? ???????????? ???????????, ??????
  ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????
• ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????
  ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??
  ??????????????????? ??????? ???????????
  ???????????
• Five main types of feminist theory 1) liberal 2)
  socialist/Marxist 3) standpoint 4) post-modern 5)
  post-colonial

67
Liberal feminism

• Liberal feminism looks at the roles women play in
  world politics and asks why they are
  marginalized. It wants the same opportunities
  afforded to women as are afforded to men.
• All rights should be granted to woman equallly
  with man. This is why liberal
• Cynthia Enloe

68
Marxist/socialist (materialist) feminists

• Marxist/socialist (materialist) feminists focus
  on the international capitalist system. Marxist
  feminists see the oppression of women as a
  by-product of capitalism, whereas socialist
  feminists see both capitalism and patriarchy as
  the structures to be overcome if women are to
  have any hope of equality.
• Rosemary Hennessy, Chrys Ingraham, book
  Materialist feminism A Reader in Class,
  Difference and Womens Lives, 1997

69
Standpoint feminists

• Standpoint feminists, such as J. Ann Tickner want
  to correct the male dominance of our knowledge of
  the world. Tickner does this be re-describing the
  six objective principles of international
  politics developed by Hans Morgenthau according
  to a female version of the world.
• Standpoint feminists argue that seeing the world
  from the standpoint of women radically alters our
  understanding of that world.

70
Post-modernist feminist

• Post-modernist feminists are concerned with
  gender as opposed to the position of women as
  such. They look into the ways in which
  masculinity and femininity get constructed, and
  are especially interested in how world politics
  constructs certain types of men and women.
• It is an increasingly difficult position to
  defend that sex is prior to gender. (the term
  gender usually refers to social construction of
  differences between men and women) The more one
  searches for the brute reality of sex, the more
  one finds that is gendered that is, that the
  understanding of a sex as a fact is itself a
  cultural conceit
• Helen M. Kinsella

71
Postcolonial feminists

• Postcolonial feminists, such as Gayatri Spivak,
  work at the intersection of gender, race and
  class on a global scale. They suggest that
  liberal feminists and others have ignored the
  interests and opinions of women in the global
  South often preferring to speak on their behalf.
  This is a form of cultural imperialism with
  important material effects.

72
Post-modernism

• Lyotard defines post-modernism as incredulity
  towards metanarratives, meaning that it denies
  the possibility of foundations for establishing
  the truth of statements existing outside of
  discourse.
• Foucault focuses on the power-knowledge
  relationship and sees the two as mutually
  constituted. It implies that there can be no
  truth outside of regimes of truth. How can
  history have a truth if truth has a history?

73
Post-modernism

• Foucault proposes a genealogical approach to look
  at history, and this approach uncovers how
  certain regimes of truth have dominated others.
• Derrida argues that the world is like a text in
  that it cannot simply be grasped, but has to be
  interpreted. He looks at how texts are
  constructed, and proposes two main tools to
  enable us to see how arbitrary are the seemingly
  natural oppositions of language. These are
  deconstruction and double reading.

74
Post-modernism

• Post-modern approaches have been accused of being
  too theoretical and not concerned with the
  real world. They reply, however, that in the
  social world there is no such thing as the real
  world in the sense of a reality that is not
  interpreted by us and have done a great deal of
  work on important empirical questions such as war
  and famine.

75
Postcolonialism

• Given the state-centrism and positivism of IR,
  postcolonial approaches have been largely ignored
  until recently as old disciplinary boundaries are
  breaking down.
• Postcolonialism essentially focuses on the
  persistence of colonial forms of power in
  contemporary world politics, especially how the
  social construction of racial, gendered, and
  class differences uphold relations of power and
  subordination.

76
Postcolonialism

• Most postcolonial research rejects positivism
  given its claims to produce knowledge devoid of
  race, gender, and class power hierarchies.
• Racism, in particular, continues to operate in
  both obvious and sometimes subtle ways in
  contemporary world politics but this is not
  captured in traditional approaches to
  international theory.
• Postcolonial research seeks to offer positive
  resources for resistance to imperial and other
  forms of power and not just critique.
• Edward Said

77
HVALA NA PANJI