Safe Design Design of Building and Structures Safety of Machinery

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Safe Design - Design of Building and
Structures- Safety of Machinery

• Ros Kushinsky, Manager Ergonomics Unit
• Hazard Management Division
• WorkSafe Victoria
• Adjunct Associate Professor
• Centre for Ergonomics
• La Trobe University

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What is Safe Design?
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Why focus on OHS in design?
Cost of eliminating risk/ effectiveness of
eliminating risk
start design process
complete
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What designers think

• The designer may assume things about the people
  who will work in and operate the building and the
  intended use as a workplace.
• Often these are misconceptions
• Not anticipating that the design is
• capable of use in unintended ways,
• confusing in emergency conditions.
• Not anticipating .
• the scope of the work tasks, processes to be done
  in the workplace
• what is known about hazards, risks and solutions
  for that sort of use
• OHS is an add on
• Designers belief that operators or users will
• be experienced or seek information,
• be uniform (in faculties), or that
• procedures should and can overcome an inherent,
  design-related hazard

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Designing workplaces for safety of users
Why regulate design of buildings structures?
Mechanism of all OHS injuries in 2004 2005 (Vic)

• Good design should include OHS solutions -
  National OHS strategy-Eliminate hazards at the
  design stage
• How much money in safety? Workers Compensation
  Victoria pays for injuries 1.7 B per year
• Improving prevention results - 30 K Victorians
  injured/ illness/year gt 10days 200 K self
  report injury/illness
• Key injury mechanisms which can be affected by
  design of work environment are
• Musculoskeletal disorder
• Being hit by moving objects
• Falls
• Others include
• Hitting objects
• Vehicle incidents

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Section 28 of OHS Act 2004
Legislative (legal) requirement in Section 28

• A person who designs a building or structure or
  part of a building or structure who knows, or
  ought reasonably to know, that the building or
  structure or the part of the building or
  structure is to be used as a workplace must
  ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that
  it is designed to be safe and without risks to
  the health of persons using it as a workplace for
  a purpose for which it was designed.
• Note - guidance is not mandatory

Glossary of Building Terms, Standards Australia
Structure - a construction not necessarily
roofed which performs a function or functions
requiring rigidity and includes a bridge, dam,
silo, tunnel, pit, telecommunications tower (Not
roads and footpaths)
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Safe Design the process
Guidance developed in consultation with Prof.
Associations by Dec 2005

• http//www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/
• Search for DesigningSaferBuildingsandStructure
  s

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Process Summary
Using evidence based approach to what requires
risk management
Predesign
Step 1Preliminary Hazard Analysis In scope s28 ?
High level Integrate with your current
method Functional, geographical, operational
flow Involve client and workers
Conceptual/ schematic
Step 2 Systematic Risk Management
Design Development
Detailed level Aim is to focus on where work is
required
Evidence Base
Process, analysis and decisions
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Identifying Hazards Control Measures

• Level of analysis should match the level of
  detail known about the severity of the hazards
  and risks known and a developed understanding of
  the purpose and scope of the design
• You should ask to be involved from the start of
  the preliminary design stage
• Develop a collaborative and consultative
  relationship with the client
• Australian Standards, BCA, Codes of Practice,
  Regulations, Industry Specifications
• Workshops, brainstorming involving clients
  employees or others who work in such workplaces
• Develop a hazard register

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What to look for
Think top down about operation of
building/structure details of the work
Checklists can be useful in detailed work in
particular industries
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Practical Impact of Duty

• Greater focus on the operation of the facility -
  standards often focus on static objects or
  limited ways of using them rather than the
  dynamics of operation
• Greater focus on full, broad range of work tasks
  in a workplace and the differing needs of the
  workers
• More publicly available information on poor
  health and safety performance to provide
  independent information
• Encourages client/ designers collaboration to
  resolve poor safety performance in industry
  sectors and workplaces

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Successful designing

• Involvement of client and workers in the design
  process
• Keeping the preliminary hazard analysis
  systematic, comprehensive and high level.
• Using the evidence base to identify what requires
  risk management and where standards can be used.
• Modifying design processes to take OHS into
  account
• Participating in making engineering design known
  for safety (changes public interest test)
• Publicly available focus areas for other
  designers
• WorkSafe has safe design site and is active with
  professional associations for next two years.

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Identifying Control Measures

• Emphasis on hierarchy of control
• Elimination Most preferred
• Substitution
• Engineering
• Administrative
• PPE Least Preferred
• Be careful when controlling existing hazards that
  controls do not generate new hazards

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Identifying Control Measures

• Emphasis on hierarchy of control
• Elimination Most preferred
• Substitution
• Engineering
• Administrative
• PPE Least Preferred
• Be careful when controlling existing hazards that
  controls do not generate new hazards

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OHS-specific Resources

• ASCC (2006) Safe Design for Engineering
  Students
• WorkSafe Victoria (2005) Designing Safer
  Buildings and Structures. A guide to Section 28
  of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004
• Supplementary guidance to the Guide to Section 28
  - 21 documents
• Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004
• Dangerous Goods Act 2004
• Dangerous Goods Regulations
• Victorian OHS Regulation 2007
• Victorian Compliance Codes
• WorkSafe Victoria Guidance publications
• AS 40224-2006 Safety of Machinery.

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Safety of Machinery - AS 4024-2006
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Safety of machinery

• Australian Standard AS 4024 revised over a
  number of years
• Published July 2006
• Adopts compendium of International and European
  Standards on Safety of Machinery
• Three tier system- AS4024.1000 Core information
• AS4024.2000 Supplementary information
• AS4024.3000 Machine specific

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AS 4024

• AS 4024 Part 1202 General Principles - Technical
  Principles- Section 5.8 Observing ergonomic
  principles 6. Safeguarding
  7 information for use
• AS 4024 Part 1301 Risk assessment - Principles of
  risk assessment
• NB risk assessment approach does not provide
  information of what the risk is, what may cause
  it ranking ? control
  
• Section 8.3.4 Human factors Appendix B (not
  comprehensive)
• AS 4024 Part 1302 Risk assessment reduction of
  risks to health and safety from hazardous
  substances emitted by machinery (NB Haz Subs
  Regs)
• AS 4024 Part 1401 Ergonomic Principles - Design
  Principles - Terminology and general principles
  - Section 6 Incorporating ergonomics principles
  into the design process -

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Design parameters of control systems

• Detailed chapters
• AS 4024.1501 General principles for design incl
  safety principles
• AS 4024.1601 .guards general requirements for
  fixed and moveable guards
• AS 4024.1602..interlocking devices principles
  for design and selection
• AS 4024.1603..prevention of unexpected start up
• AS 4024.1604..emergency stop Principles for
  design

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Ergonomics in AS 4024

• AS 4024 Part 1701 Human body measurements
  definitions for basic human measurements
• AS 4024 Part 1702access openings for whole body
  access
• AS 4024 Part 1703access openings
• AS 4024 Part 1704Anthropometric data
• Safety Distances
• AS4024 Part 1801...reach by upper limbs
• AS4024 Part 1802reach by lower limbs
• AS4024 Part 1803minimum gaps to prevent
  crush

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Ergonomics in AS4024

• Displays, controls, actuators and signals
• Part 1901.General principles
• Part 1902 .- Displays
• Part 1903.- Control actuators
• Part 1904 - requirements for visual, auditory
  and tactile signals
• Part 1905. - marking
• Part 1906 . - location and operation of
  actuators
• Part 1907 System of auditory and visual danger
  and information signals

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Standards not adopted

• Three related to physically demanding work -
  weight handling, force exertion, postures Local
  Regulations and Compliance Codes or National
  Standard and Code apply
• Two-hand control devices were covered in AS
  4024.1 1966 (ISO 13851)
• to be adopted in next level
• - AS 4024.2000 Supplementary information
• tension between good ergonomics/designing to
  prevent defeat inadvertent actuation

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Issues with AS 4024

• No index or even dividers for each chapter
  Committee recommended these be put in
• Its big needs a bit of reading to familiarise
  with it
• There are two more tiers to go
• Ergonomics chapters separate from other general
  ones, eg on guarding
• Some users find it difficult to link various
  sections, eg
• AS 4024.1603..prevention of unexpected start up
• Part 1903.- Control actuators
• Part 1906 . - location and operation of
  actuators
• All chapters involve some ergonomics

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Standards and legislation

• Standing of AS 4024
• Legal requirements for Plant - designers,
  manufacturers, suppliers, employers
• compliance with Act for all Plant
• compliance with Plant chapter 3.5 of the
  consolidated Occupational Health and Safety
  Regulations 2007 for subset of specified higher
  risk plant
• elimination so far as is reasonably practicable
  of any risk arising from plant when used
  (includes risks arising from ergonomics factors)
• risk assessment not mandated in the OHS
  Regulation 2007 but recommended as important part
  of ensuring that the most effective risk controls
  are applied
• AS 4024
• - will assist in complying, particularly for
  designers, manufacturers, where the Standard
  addresses the risks and the recommendations lead
  to control of risk so far as is reasonably
  practicable

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